Public Health Nutrition

Front 1

Is about applying knowledge to the solution of nutrition-related health problems

Back 1

public health nutrition

Front 2

Approach focuses on the promotion of good health (the maintenance of wellbeing or wellness, quality of life) through nutrition and the primary (and secondary) prevention of nutrition-related illness in the population

Back 2

public health nutrition

Front 3

Builds on a foundation of biological and social sciences, depends on epidemiological evidence and involves the development and implementation of programs to improve and maintain health.

Back 3

public health nutrition

Front 4

Defines health as a state of complete mental, physical and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Back 4

world health organization (who)

Front 5

Is defined as the collective action taken by society to protect and promote the health of entire populations.

Back 5

public health

Front 6

It can be defined as the art and science of preventing disease, promoting health and prolonging life through the organized efforts of society.

Back 6

public health

Front 7

Provides a rigorous set of methods to study disease occurrence in human populations.

Back 7

epidemiology

Front 8

Focuses on disease prevention and cost containment, with health defined as the absence of disease

Back 8

narrow approach

Front 9

Theory on the main cause of disease is based on the way in which individuals live their lives.

Back 9

narrow approach

Front 10

Motivation to change behavior is based on reducing risk at an individual level

Back 10

narrow approach

Front 11

Approach links an individual’s own behavior to risk of disease

Back 11

narrow approach

Front 12

Burden of prevention and health promotion lies with the individual and seen as their responsibility to address their risk behavior

Back 12

narrow approach

Front 13

Aimed at identifying immediate and obvious problems now and addressing them now

Back 13

narrow approach

Front 14

defines health as more than the absence of disease

Back 14

broad approach

Front 15

Links public health science with policy: the action and structures agreed by society aimed at improving and maintaining health.

Back 15

broad approach

Front 16

Theoretical model is sociocultural: focuses on the wider environment and seeks to understand the factors that enable individuals to make healthy choices or inhibit them.

Back 16

broad approach

Front 17

Motivating concern is about addressing the underlying sociostructural factors such as poverty, global issues and structures at a local, regional, national and international level that affect health.

Back 17

broad approach

Front 18

Data collected from several different sources to assess patients’ nutritional needs, because no one parameter directly measures nutrition status, determines nutrition problems, or identifies needs.

Back 18

nutrition assessment

Front 19

4 key areas of data (ABCDE)

Back 19

Anthropometrics assessment

Biochemical assessment

Clinical assessment

Dietary evaluation/assessment

Ecological assessment

Front 20

Simple, noninvasive techniques that measures height and Weight, head circumference, and skinfold thickness.

Back 20

anthropometric assessment

Front 21

effectiveness is limited but certain serial measurements can be useful to assess body composition changes or growth over time

Back 21

anthropometric assessment

Front 22

evaluation of this data involves a comparison of data collected with predetermined reference limits or cutoff points that allow classification into one or more risk categories

Back 22

anthropometric data

Front 23

important in evaluating growth and nutrition status in children, in adults is needed for assessment of weight and body size

Back 23

stature (height/length)

Front 24

As people age, their height tends to decline may be related to ___________________, so a current height is valuable Information

Back 24

osteoporotic changes

Front 25

one of the most important measurements in assessing nutrition status and is used to predict energy expenditure

Back 25

weight

Front 26

recommended to obtain accurate results for weight

Back 26

Beam scales with movable but nondetachable weights or accurate electronic scales

Front 27

not recommended for obtaining accurate results for weight

Back 27

spring scales

Front 28

can be used to detect changes that may represent or suggest serious health problems.

Back 28

weight

Front 29

more meaningful when dealing with sick debilitated patients than standardized desirable weight references.

Back 29

magnitude and direction of weight change

Front 30

magnitude and direction of weight change is more meaningful when dealing with sick debilitated patients than ____________.

Back 30

standardized desirable weight references

Front 31

formula for percent weight change

Back 31

(usual weight – actual weight) + usual weight x 100

Front 32

Ratio of weight to heigh and has been associated with overall mortality and nutrition risk

Back 32

body mass index (bmi)

Front 33

does not determine the body composition (lean body mass and adipose tissue) gauge of total body fat

Back 33

body mass index (bmi)

Front 34

limitations of body mass index

Back 34

- has not been validated in acutely ill patients

- underestimate body fat in the elderly and others who have lost muscle mass

- might not be useful in the evaluation of protein status in patients with liver failure because this test assumes normal liver function.

Front 35

can be used to evaluate visceralproteins and immune function, which may reflect nutritional status

Back 35

biochemical parameters

Front 36

proteins found in internal organs and blood rather than in muscle. It is estimated through tests of serum albumin and prealbumin

Back 36

visceral proteins

Front 37

Patient is asked by a trained interviewer to report all foods and beverages consumed during the past 24 hours

Back 37

24-hour diet recall

Front 38

Detailed description of all foods, beverages, cooking methods, brand names, condiments and supplements along with portion sizes in common household measures are included

Back 38

24-hour diet recall

Front 39

Useful in screening or during a follow-up to evaluate adaptation and compliance with dietary recommendations

Back 39

24-hour diet recall

Front 40

Sometimes called “environmental assessment” or “ecological diagnosis”

Back 40

ecological assessment

Front 41

Indirect method of nutritional assessment that involves obtaining information from ecological factors which influences the nutritional status of an individual or community.

Back 41

ecological assessment

Front 42

Comprehensive process in which data is collected about how a child functions in different environments or settings

Back 42

ecological assessment

Front 43

society-related economic factors that related to and influence one another

Back 43

socio-economic factors

Front 44

composite measure of an individual’s economic and sociological standing

Back 44

socio-economic factors

Front 45

accounts for a person’s work experience and economic and social position in relation to others, based on income, education, and occupation

Back 45

socio-economic factors

Front 46

large impact on one’s food intake and nutrition

Back 46

employment

Front 47

why employment is one of the socio-economic factors affecting nutrition

Back 47

◼ Manual Labor – use more energy

◼ Busy or demanding jobs – frequency of meals and quality of food compromised

◼ Nature of work (shifting schedule, exposure to hazards, etc) – risk for micronutrient deficiencies.

Front 48

socio-economic factors affecting nutrition

Back 48

employment, education, income, housing conditions

Front 49

why education is one of the socio-economic factors affecting nutrition

Back 49

◼ Education influences the choice of employment.

◼ Affects the knowledge and level of understanding on nutrition and health in general.

Front 50

why income is one of the socio-economic factors affecting nutrition

Back 50

◼ Dramatically influence the food choices, suggest purchasing power of a family.

Front 51

why housing condition is one of the socio-economic factors affecting nutrition

Back 51

◼ Medium through which socio-economic status is expressed and health determinants operate.

◼ Provides physical security and protection from the elements and plays a central role in determining an individual’s physical and social risk environment.

Front 52

Aspects of human’s population include size and density, composition and distribution

Back 52

demography

Front 53

actual number of individuals in a population

Back 53

size

Front 54

measurement of population size per unit area

Back 54

density

Front 55

population described in terms of age and sex

Back 55

composition

Front 56

pattern of where people live (urban/rural)

Back 56

population distribution

Front 57

Environmental factors affect opportunities and potential for food production

Back 57

geography and climate

Front 58

can impact nutrition through the production, purchase, and consumption of more, better, and cheaper food.

Back 58

agricultural sector

Front 59

Management and delivery of quality and safe health services

Back 59

health system and service delivery

Front 60

Help achieve high coverage of a broad range health and nutrition services, especially for low resource setting.

Back 60

health system and service delivery

Front 61

ecological factors affecting nutrition

Back 61

- socioeconomic factors

- demography

- geography and climate

- agricultural factors

- health system and service delivery

- cultural factors

- political factors

Front 62

Essential to nutrition programs, advocacy, resources and operations

Back 62

political factors

Front 63

Determines policy and budget.

Back 63

political factors

Front 64

often cited as an obstacle to progress for nutrition

Back 64

lack of political will

Front 65

strengths of ecological data

Back 65

1.Provdes information on the basic causes of malnutrition.

2.Data on some ecological factors can easily be gathered (i.e., socioeconomic data, demographics, vital statistics)

3. obtained from secondary data most of the time.

4. aides in decision-making of priority health & nutrition program.

5. provides opportunity to address the diverse causes of malnutrition.

6. Effective basis on planning interventions on the national level.

Front 66

limitations of ecological data

Back 66

1.Serves only as supplement for other methods of nutritional assessment

2. should always be used in conjunction with other methods of nutritional assessment.

3. need to only select/prioritize ecological variables to be included in a study.

Front 67

Refers to deficiencies, excess or imbalance in a person’s intake or energy and/or nutrients

Back 67

malnutrition

Front 68

Double burden of malnutrition consists of both ________________________________ and ______________, as well as ________________________

Back 68

double burden of malnutrition consists of both undernutrition and overweight and obesity, as well as diet-related-noncommunicable diseases

Front 69

increases the risk of and consequences of malnutrition

Back 69

poverty

Front 70

Raises healthcare expenses, lowers productivity and hinders economic growth

Back 70

malnutrition

Front 71

2 BROAD GROUPS OF CONDITIONS OF MALNUTRITION

Back 71

undernutrition and overnutrition

Front 72

includes stunting, wasting, underweight, and micronutrient deficiencies

Back 72

undernutrition

Front 73

includes overweight, obesity, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases

Back 73

overnutrition

Front 74

Denotes insufficient intake of energy and nutrients to meet an individual needs to maintain good health

Back 74

undernutrition

Front 75

defined as low height for age

Back 75

stunting

Front 76

Result of chronic or recurrent undernutrition, usually associated with poverty, poor maternal health and nutrition, frequent illness, and/or inappropriate feeding and care in the early life

Back 76

stunting

Front 77

prevents children from reaching their physical and cognitive potential

Back 77

stunting

Front 78

Defined as low weight-for-height

Back 78

wasting

Front 79

Indicates and severe weight loss, though it can also persist for a long time

Back 79

wasting

Front 80

Usually occurs when a person has not had food of adequate quality and quantity and/or they have had frequent or prolonged illnesses

Back 80

wasting

Front 81

in children, this is associated with a higher risk of death if not treated properly

Back 81

wasting

Front 82

Any weight computed below the normal BMI.

Back 82

underweight

Front 83

common medical condition for underweight

Back 83

anorexia nervosa

Front 84

psychological disorder whereby people become underweight due to deliberately limiting food intake

Back 84

anorexia

Front 85

Deficiency of the essential vitamins and minerals which are needed for physiological function and development.

Back 85

micronutrient deficiency

Front 86

Main micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries are

Back 86

iodine, vitamin A, and iron

Front 87

in children 6-59 months of age, this is defined as weight-for-height less than -3 z-scores of the presence of edema of both feet, or a mid-upper arm

Back 87

severe acute malnutrition

Front 88

children who suffer with this are at risk for hypogylcemia, hypothermia serious infections, dehydrations, and severe electrolyte disturbances.

Back 88

severe acute malnutrition

Front 89

Characterized by severe wasting

Back 89

marasmus

Front 90

a severe manifestation of protein-energy malnutrition.

Back 90

marasmus

Front 91

occurs as a result of total calorie insufficiency

Back 91

marasmus

Front 92

leads to overt loss of adipose tissue and muscle

Back 92

marasmus

Front 93

The child suffering from this may have a weight-for-height value that is more than 3 standard deviations below the average for age or sex.

Back 93

marasmus

Front 94

a severe manifestation of protein-energy malnutrition

Back 94

kwashiorkor

Front 95

associated with a poorquality diet high in carbohydrates but low in protein content such that the child may have a sufficient total energy intake

Back 95

kwashiorkor

Front 96

Severe protein insufficiency leads to

Back 96

characteristic bilateral pitting pedal edema and ascites.

Front 97

Characterized by severe wasting with edema.

Back 97

marasmin-kwashiorkor

Front 98

Known as vitamins and minerals

Back 98

micronutrients

Front 99

Essential components of high-quality diet and have a profound impact on health.

Back 99

micronutrients

Front 100

Required only in tiny quantities, however they are essential building blocks of healthy brains, bones, and bodies

Back 100

micronutrients

Front 101

Referred to as “hidden hunger” because they develop gradually over time, their devastating impact not seen until irreversible damages has been done

Back 101

micronutrient deficiency

Front 102

Lead to brain damage in children, particularly during fetal development and in the first few years of child’s life.

Back 102

iodine deficiency

Front 103

Leading causes of preventable mental retardation and brain damage

Back 103

iodine deficiency

Front 104

Can lead to hypothyroidism and cretinism and other IDDs

Back 104

iodine deficiency

Front 105

Normal requirements for iodine for human

Back 105

averages 150ug per day

Front 106

consists of retinol (pre-formed-vitamin), retinal, retinoic acid, and beta-carotene (pro-vitamin)

Back 106

vitamin a

Front 107

Normal function is for normal vision in dim light

Back 107

vitamin a

Front 108

Maintains the integrity and normal function of glandular and epithelial tissues which lines intestinal, respiratory and urinary tracts as well as skin and eyes

Back 108

vitamin a

Front 109

Support growth (skeletal growth)

Back 109

vitamin a

Front 110

Essential for maintenance of proper immune system.

Back 110

vitamin a

Front 111

examples of vitamin a deficiency

Back 111

Follicular hyperkeratosis, Anorexia and growth retardation, night blindness, conjunctival xerosis, bitot’s spots, corneal xerosis, keratomalacia

Front 112

an essential mineral that is needed to form hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying protein inside red blood cells.

Back 112

iron

Front 113

can lead to several conditions such as anemia, risk of hemorrhage during childbirth that can lead to maternal deaths, vulnerability to infections, learning disabilities, and delayed development

Back 113

iron deficiency

Front 114

Occurs when an individual has an excessive consumptions of food, far more than from their dietary needs

Back 114

overnutrition

Front 115

can lead to heart disease, obesity, and other dietary disorders.

Back 115

overnutrition

Front 116

examples of overnutrition

Back 116

Bulimia, obesity which is a risk factor for diabetes, hypertension, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), coronary heart disease, obesity