Public Administration

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POSITION CLASSIFICATION

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intended to classify jobs in different agencies that have essentially the same types of functions and responsibilities, based on written descriptions of duties and responsibilities.

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ascriptive criteria

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standards for making personnel judgements that are based on attributes or characteristics other than skills or knowledge.

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bilateral bargaining

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collective bargaining negotiations in which only management and labor are represented.

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broadbanding

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The consolidation of existing job classifications into fewer and broader categories, reducing complexity and specialization in job classifications.

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Civil Service (pendleton) Act

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a law formally known as the Civil service act establishing job-related competence as the primary basis for filling national government jobs; created the U.S. Civil Service commission to oversee the new "merit" system.

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Collective bargaining

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formalized prices of negotiation between management and labor.; involves specified steps, in a specified sequence, aimed at reaching an agreement (usually stipulated in contractual form) on terms and conditions of employment.

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egalitarianism

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philosophical concept stressing individual equality in political, social, economic, and other relations; in the context of public personnel administration, the conceptual basis for "government by the common person.

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Full time equivalent employee (FTE)

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Actual number of full-time government personnel plus the number of full-time people who would have been needed to work the hours put in by part-time employees.

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General Schedule (GS)

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pay scale for federal employees, based on grades and steps.

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locality pay

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adjustments to federal pay scales that make allowances for higher or lower-cost areas where employees live.

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merit pay

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approach to compensation in personnel management founded on the concept of equal pay for equal contribution; related to, and dependent on, properly designed and implemented performance appraisal systems.

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nepotism

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form of favoritism based on hiring family members or relatives

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Office of Personnel Management (OPM)

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Key administrative unit in the national government operating under presidential direction; responsible for managing the national government personnel system, consistent with presidential personnel policy.

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Pay gap

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the difference between public and private salaries for comparable positions.

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Public Personnel Administration (PPA)

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Policies, processes, and procedures designed to recruit, train, and promote people who manage government agencies.

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Senior Executive Service (SES)

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designed to foster professional growth, mobility, and versatility among senior career officials (and some "political" appointees)

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veteran's preference

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law passed in 1944 that required the federal government to favor those veterans who had served on active duty or were returning from war when hiring new employees in an attempt to recognize their service, sacrifice, skills; does not apply to positions in the Senior Executive Service or to internal agency actions such as reassignment or promotion.

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budget deficit

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the difference between the amount of revenue raised by taxes and the amount of federal government spending in a fiscal year.

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congressional Budget Office (CBO)

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created in 1974; the budget and financial planning division of the U.S. Congress; see also the Congressional budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974.

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Continuing resolution

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a type of appropriation used by congress to fund agencies when a formal appropriations bill has not been passed.

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debt ceiling

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the statutory limit on the federal debt; periodically raised by congress.

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deficit

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amount by which governmental outlays exceed governmental receipts in a fiscal year.

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discretionary spending

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category of budget authority that comprises budgetary resources (except those provided to fund direct-spending programs) in appropriations acts.

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earmarking

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revenues are designated purposes (such as elementary, secondary, and higher education; road construction and maintenance; or operating game preserves), leaving the bureaucracy without discretion to change them.

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entitlements

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government programs created under legislation that defines eligibility standards, but places no limit on total budget authority; the level of outlays is determined solely by the number of eligible persons who apply for authorized benefits, under existing law.

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executive budget

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budgets prepared by the chief executives and their central budget offices for submission to the legislature for analysis, consideration, review, change, and enactment.

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Federal Reserve System

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independent board that serves as the central bank of the U.S. The Fed administers banking, credit, and monetary policies and controls the supply of money available to member banks.

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fiscal policy

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refers to government actions aimed at development and stabilization of the private economy, including taxation and tax policy and expenditures

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GRH Act

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informal title of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, which mandated steadily decreasing national government annual budget deficits through fiscal year 1991.

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House Ways and Means Committee

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primary committee in Congress concerned with taxation and fiscal policy.

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Impoundment

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In the context of the budget process. the practice by a chief executive of withholding final spending approval of funds appropriated by the legislature, in a bill already signed into law..

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line-item budgeting

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earliest approach to modern executive-budget making, emphasizing control of expenditures through careful accounting for all money spent in public programs, facilitated central control of purchasing and hiring, along with completeness and honesty in fiscal accounting.

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mandatory or direct spending

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category of outlays from budget authority provided in laws other than appropriations acts for entitlements and budget authority for food stamps.

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money supply

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amount of money available to individuals and institutions in society.

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National debt

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the cumulative sum of borrowing necessary over time to pay the difference between the amount raised and spent in the annual federal budget.

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pay-as-you-go (PAYGO)

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procedure requiring that spending increased by offset by other decreases in annual appropriations so as not to inrtease the deficit

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performance budgeting

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approach to modern executive budget making that gained currency in the 1930s and then again in the 1950s, emphasizing not only resources acquired by an agency but also what it did with them; geared to promoting effective management of government programs in a time of growing programmatic complexity.

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Reconciliation process

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important step in congressional budgeting, when congress makes adjustments in existing laws to achieve conformity with annual spending targets adopted in each years concurrent resolution.

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Senate Finance Committee

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principal Senate committee concerned with revenue generation, taxation, and the operations of the internal revenue service (IRS)

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sequestration

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the withholding of budget authority, according to an established formula, up to the dollar amount that must be cut in order to meet the deficit-reduction target.

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The civil service reform act of 1978 was designed to solve the following personnel management weaknesses in the U.S. Civil Service except:

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a lack of standardization and professionalization by the U.S. government in how it conducts collective bargaining with its employees

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The president best known for his use of patronage without necessarily being known as the patronage president was

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Andrew Jackson

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Scientific management goodness merit morality and neutrality were considered virtues and job classification and the separation of politics from administration were used. These characteristics describe:

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government by the efficient

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The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978:

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strengthened protections for whistle-blowers

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all of the following are differences between the private and public sectors that significantly affect the collective bargaining process except:

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Job security is part of the scope of collective bargaining in either the private or the public sector, but not in both.

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Top public managers are either elected or politically appointed; both processes are influenced by public employee organizations and the general public.

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those involved in the process must be mindful of both public and clientele sentiment.

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which group or law called for the decentralization of public personnel administration and permitting federal agencies to design their own performance managers and reward systems

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National performance review, also known as the national partnership for reinventing government

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which is not a fiscal policy tool

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management of the national debt

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the legislature is not directly involved in which step of the budgetary cycle?

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preparation

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During which step of the budgetary cycle is power given to incur financial obligations?

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appropriations

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Which budgetary approach requires that budget agency to adopt a policy role, is characterized by a systematic policy-making style, and has a scope that includes inputs, outputs, effects, and alternatives?

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performance budgeting

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Which type of committee is responsible overseeing annual budgets in their entirety?

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budget committees

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An agency directly involved in administering monetary policy is the.

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Congressional Budget Act

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The evolution of the civil services system can be divided into historical periods. government by the common man has existed since 1955 and continues today

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false

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the goal of the civil service act of 1883 was to create a politically neutral civil service where hiring and promotion were to be based upon ability to do the job (competence or merit)

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true

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labor-management relations are ultimately the framework of collective bargaining.

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false

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unions dominate decision making concerning public personnel administrstration

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true

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The labor relations situation for public employees is different in every city, country, and state, and the general status of public sector labor relations is still undefined

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true

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collective bargaining requires all parties involved to address the management function in all its dimensions and to identify managerial weaknesses. collective bargaining usually leads to an enhanced training function and employee perceptions of an improved quality of work life.

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false

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The issue of comparable worth addresses the question of equal pay for equal work

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true

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the separation of politics and administration and elimination of corruption first became major goals of public personnel administration during the period of government by the efficient

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true

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the Reagan administration generally preferred political responsiveness over political neutrality in the U.S. civil service

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true

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the creation of the executive office of the president coincided with the rise of performance budgeting

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true

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through out the most of U.S. history, budgeting has been incremental.

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true

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tax breaks have grown to the point that if we were to eliminate all of those currently in existence we also could all but eliminate annual budget deficits.

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true