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12 Cards in this Set
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What is Epidemiology? (Frequency & Distribution definition) |
That field of medical science which is concerned with the relationship of various factors and conditions which determine the frequencies and distributions of an infectious process, a disease or a psychological state in a human community. |
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What is Epidemiology? (Control of health problems definitions). |
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems. |
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What is Epidemiology? (populations definition). |
Epidemiology is a strategy for the study of factors relating to the etiology, prevention and control of disease; to promote health; and to efficiently allocate efforts and resources for health promotion, maintenance and medical care in human populations. |
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EPI DEMOS LOGOS |
(Upon people study). Epidemiology is a philosophy, a strategy, a methodology, a way of studying a health problem. Epidemiology is not a body of knowledge. |
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What are the two holy trinities of Epidemiology? |
Disease Characteristics: Agent, Host, Environment Health is a state of equilibrium between Agent and host balanced by environment Disease Descriptions: Time, Place, Person Epidemiologists describe disease/states in terms of time, place and person |
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Incidence |
The # of new cases occurring in a given population in a specified time period / Population at risk in that time period (Speedometer) |
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Prevalence |
The # of cases existing in a given population at a single point in time / population at that time (Odometer) |
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What is a good example of the use of time, place and person to describe disease characteristics? |
1. Gather evidence 2. Order hypothesis by probability 3. Observe place, time (trend), and person characteristics |
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What drives an epidemic? |
1. Reproductive number - the number of secondary infections from one case 2. Transmission probability per contact 3. Contact rate/frequency 4. Duration of infectiousness 5. Available susceptibles 6. Agent characteristics |
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Reproductive Number |
R = # of secondary infections from one individuals Ro = reproductive at the beginning of epidemic R > 1 Epidemic Spreads R < Epidemic dies out R subject to changes in presence and levels of determinants of epidemic spread |
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Public Health & Epidemiology |
Public health is concerned with health of the public. Epidemiology is the method/strategy of studying disease/health in human populations. Epidemiology is therefore the core science of public health |
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Uses of Epidemiology |
a) Community diagnosis - What are the major health problems occurring in a community b) Establishing the history of a disease in a population. Identifying the periodicity of an infection disease c) Describing the natural history of disease in the individual. Natural history of HIV infection in the individual d) Describing the clinical picture of disease - who gets the disease, who dies from it and what the outcome of the disease is e) Estimating the risk - what factors increase the risk of heart disease, automobile accidents and violence f) Identifying syndromes and precursors - The relationship of high blood pressure to stroke, kidney disease and heart disease g) Evaluating prevention/intervention programs - vaccines/clinical trials h) Investigating epidemics/diseases of unknown etiology i) Assessing the cost-effectiveness of interventions j) Assessing strategies to translate science to action |
