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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name som principal pollutants both indoor and outdoor |
NOx, CO CO2 Particles, aerosols Water vapor VOC Spore |
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Name som pricipal pollutants predominantly indoor |
Radon HCHO Asbestos NH3 PAH, Arsenic Nicotine VOC Mercury Aerosols Allergens |
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What is secondhand smoke? |
General term for any smoke that non-smokers are exposed to. |
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What does mainstream smoke refer to? |
It refers specifically to the smoke that a smoker inhales and then exhales. |
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What does side-stream smoke refer to? |
Refers to the smoke that wafts off the end of a lit cigarette, cigar, or pipe. It contains more carcinogens than mainstream smoke. |
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What is the current recommended limit of arsenic in the drinking water ? |
10 μg/litre (WHO) |
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What can carbon monoxide at higher concentrations lead to? |
Impaired vision and coordination Headaches Dizziness Nausea Fatal at very high concentrations |
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VOC |
Volatile organic compounds |
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Name some sources of VOC |
- Paints, other solvents (furniture) - Wood preservatives - Adhesives (carpet) - Aerosol sprays - Cleansers and disinfectants - Pesticide (plantevernmidler) |
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What are the main sources of formaldehyde? |
Pressed-woodproducts containing formaldehyde resins. - Medium density fiberboard - Hardwoodplywood - Particle board |
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SBS |
Sick building syndrome |
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What are the factors that are responsible for SBS? |
1. Chemical contaminants (radon, formaldehyde, dust, VOC, tobacco smoke) 2. Biological contaminants (pollen, bacteria, viruses, fungus, molds) 3. Inadequate ventilation 4. Electromagnetic radiation 5. Psychological factors 6. Poor and inappropriate lighting, poor ergonomics and humidity |
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What is one of the major causes of sick building syndrome (SBS) |
Formaldehyde |
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BRI |
Building-related illness - Generally allergic reactions or infections |
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What are the 4 preventive measures? |
1. Eliminate tobacco smoke 2. Provide adequate ventilation 3. Maintain the ventilation system 4. Remove sources of pollution |
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PM PM(10) PM2.5 |
PM = Particulate matter Solid or liquid particles under 10 microns in diameter. PM10: inhalable particles PM2.5: fine inhalable particles - alveoli |
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What are the health effects of particulate matter? |
- Decreased lung function - Chronic bronchitis - Asthma - Cardiac arrythmia - Heart attacks - Premature death |
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What are the air pollutions in smog? |
Sulfurdioxide, carbon monoxide, dust, soot |
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How is the Los Angeles among formed? |
Chemicalreaction of sunlight, nitrogen oxides (from traffic) and volatile organiccompounds (ozone,PAN, NO2) in the atmosphere.Allof these harsh chemicals are usually highly reactive and oxidizing |
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What are the greenhouse gases in the process of global warming? |
Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide F-gases |
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What are F-gases? |
Chlorine, fluorine and bromine in the atmosphere. They are harmful to the ozone layer. They are chlorinated and fluorinated hydrocarbons used in refrigerators and aerosolspray bottles. |
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GWP |
Global warming potensial |
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What are the global warming potensials of methane, nitrous oxide and sulfur hexafloride compared to carbon dioxide? |
Methane: 25x --> 1 kg CH4 = 25 kg CO2 Nitrous oxide: 298x sulphur hexafloride: 22800x |
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What is albedo? |
Diffuse reflectivity or reflecting power of a surface. Example: ice with snow = 0.9=90% |
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END |
Environmental Noise Directive |
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What are the noise indicators? |
1. Decibel level for a day, evening, and night periods. Threshold of 55 dB (WHO: 50 db). (designed to measure "annoyance") 2. Decibel level for night periods. Threshold of 50 dB (WHO: 40 dB). |
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What is the definition of environmental noise? |
Unwanted or harmful outdoor sound. It is the product of transport and industrial activity. |
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What can high noise levels lead to? |
Stress reactions Sleep-stage changes Hypertension Cardiovascular diseases Premature mortality |
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TTS |
Temporary threshold shift Temporary impaired function of sensory cells (hair cells). |
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PTS |
Permanent threshold shift Irreversible damage of hair cells. The hearing threshold never returns. May happens if noise is too loud/too long duration. |
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What is decibel, phon, Hz and Pa? |
Decibel: A unit used to express the intensity of a sound wave (sound level). Phon: unit of loudness (phons= dB at 1 kHz) Hz: unit of frequency Pa: sound pressure |
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What is the hearing range? |
20 Hz - 20 000 Hz |
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What are the 2 types of non-audible sounds? |
Ultrasound and infrasound |
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What characterize hard water? |
Excess Ca2+/Mg2+ in the water Prevent: hypertension, coronary heart diseases |
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What is the optimal concentration of fluoride in drinking water? |
0.7 - 1.2 mg/L |
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What does low and high intake of fluoride lead to? |
Low rate: protection against dental caries. High intake: dental fluorosis (plaques), fragile bones |
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Name some contaminants/pollutants of the drinking water |
- Natural: algal toxins - Humic substances - Agricultural: pesticides (Hg, chloroorganic),fertilizers (nitrate) - Industrial: oil, PAHs - Communal: detergents |
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What is the high risk population of nitrate toxicity and what is the reason? |
High risk population: <4 month Reasons: - Higher gastric pH/bacterial red. - Hemoglobin-F (easily oxidized) - Low-act methemoglobin reductase - Immatured kidneys |
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What is the consequences of arsenic in the drinking water? |
Hyperkeratosis, hyperpigmentosis (black foot), skin and bladder cancer. Hyperkeratosis = thickening of the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis |
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What are macropollutants and micropullutants? |
Macropollutants: mg/L (classical chemical analysis) Micropullutants: µg/L - ng/L- pg/L (only high performance instrumental analysis) |
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What are the most frequent water-born pathogens? |
Bacteria Virus Protozoa Worms |
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What are the biotic factors of soil with health impact? |
Geoghelminths Protozoa Bacteria |
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What are the chemical factors of soil with health impact? |
- Pesticides - Fertilizers (nitrogen cycle) - Heavy metals (arsenic, pH) - Iodide - Isotopes |
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Name 3 water/soil mediated parasitic diseases |
Amoeba cysts Worm eggs Flukes |
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What is the CAS registry? |
Contains more than 102 million unique organic and inorganic chemical substances, suchas alloys, coordination compounds, minerals, mixtures,polymers and salts, and more than 66 millionsequences - more than any other database of its kind. |
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POP |
Persistent organic pollutants - Decay slowly p - Transported through the atmosphere - High concentrations in polar areas - Accumulate in animal fats - The Stockholm Convention (2001): calls for eliminating the production and use |
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What does REACH mean? |
Registration Evaluation and Authorization (and restriction) of CHemicals |
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What does nitrate toxicity lead to in babies younger than 3-4 months? |
Methemoglobinemia
NO3- --> NO2- --> increase in H2O2 --> Fe2+ --> Fe3+ - inhibit HgB reductase (Fe3+ --> Fe2+) - Inhibit catalase (2H2O2 --> 2H2O +O2) |
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What are the 4 methods for water disinfection? |
1. Chlorination (Cl2, NaOCl) 2. Ozonization 3. UV irradiation 4. Boiling |
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What is the effective minimal amount of chlorine in disinfection of drinking water? |
0.1-0.3 mg/L |
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What characterize soft water? |
High amount of Na+ ions Risk factor: hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, spina bifida (= neural tube defect= |
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IARC classifications |
Group 1: carcinogenic to humans Group 2A: probably carcinogenic to humans Group 2B: possibly carcinogenic to humans Group 3: not classifiable Group 4: probably not carcinogenic to humans |
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What are the different types of radiations? (non-ionizing and ionizing radiation) |
Non-ionizing: Radio wave, microwave, infrared, visible light, laser, UV Ionizing radiation: electromagnetic (x-ray), corpuscular |
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What are non-ionizing radiation? |
Non-ionizingradiation is electromagnetic radiation that does not have sufficient energy toremove electrons from the outer shells of atoms. |
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What are ionizing radiation? |
Radiation that have enough energy to ionize particles. Generally,this involves an electron being 'knocked out' of an atom's electron shell, which will give it a (positive) charge. |
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Aerobiology |
Studiesorganic particles, such as bacteria, fungal spores,very small insects, pollengrains and viruses,which are passively transported by the air. |
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EAN |
European Aeroallergen Network Tasks: to measure pollen grains, fungal spores, concentration measurement, forecast |
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What is allergy? |
Allergy is a hypersensitive reaction: pathological overwork of the immune system Symptoms: Canaffect the whole body: urticaria,dermatitis, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, asthma, anaphylacticshock Allergen: food, sting of bee, wasp, pollen |
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How can allergies develop? |
Inheritance Sensitization - becoming sensitive after exposure |
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What are the different types of allergies? |
1) Perennial = all year (dust, mould - indoor allergens) 2) Seasonal (pollen - outdoor allergens) |
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What are transmission? |
CO2, CO, SO2, SO3, NOx (Nitric oxides) all tend to form acids in contact with the water in the air, they're called acid precursors; transmission is related to these reactions, and the temperature, wind conditions etc. NOTE: heavy metals are very soluble in acid, therefore increased acidity in soils results in more heavy metals entering the plants and hence the food |
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What is emission? |
The emitted mass of substance within a given time, eg g/day, or tonn/year; used very commonly in the environmental pollution monitoring. |
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What is immision? |
The concentration of the substance in the air, related to emission, but also the means by which the substance is released, into what area (increased area of emission eg by taller chimney, results in increased area and hence decreased concentration); measured in mg/mm3etc. |
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Types of smog |
London smog - reducing: smoke from bruning coal Los Angeles smog - oxidising/photochemical |
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What is the END threshold? |
55 dB In europe 125 millón people are being exposed to levels above this threshold. |
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What does the health effects of noise depend on? |
Length of time Intensity Time pattern Frequency spectrum It is not related to unpleasant or not. |
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What is the estimated hearing loss? |
It is greatest around 4 kHz. |
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Water demand |
Physiological Household Social |
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What is asbestos? |
A set of six naturally occurring silicate minerals, with thin fibrous crystals. |
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self purification |
Physical Chemical Biological |
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Hazard symbols |
E = expolsive O = oxidative F = flammable F+ = very flammable T = toxic T+ = very toxic Xn= Harmful Xi = Irritant C = Corrosive N = Dangerous to the environment |
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Tragedy of the commons |
The population problem has no technical solution it requires a fundamental extension in mortality. |
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What are the contaminants of drinking water? |
Physical Microbiological Chemical (macropollutants, micropullutants) |
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what is the normal range of tap water hardness? |
5-35°d |
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What should natural mineral water not contain? |
- Parasites and pathogenic microorganisms - E. coli and other coliforms - Enterococcus - Spore forming, sulphite-reducing anaerobic bacteria |
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What characterize alpha radiation? |
Aalpha particle (helium nucleus, He2+) High charge Heavily ionizing Little energy Low range; can be stopped with a sheet of paper (orskin). |
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UV radiation |
UV A: 320-400 nm UV B: 280-320 nm UV C: 180-280 nm 180-400 nm |
