Psychopharmacology Ch. 1

Front 1

Pharmacology

Back 1

The study of the actions of drugs and their effects on a living organism.

Front 2

Neuropharmacology

Back 2

Concerned with drug-induced
changes in the functioning of cells in the nervous system

Front 3

Psychopharmacology

Back 3

emphasizes drug-induced
changes in mood, thinking, and behavior

Front 4

Neuropsychopharmacology

Back 4

identify chemical
substances that act upon the nervous system to alter
behavior that is disturbed due to injury, disease, or environmental
factors.

Front 5

Drug Action

Back 5

specific molecular changes produced by a drug when it binds
to a particular target site or receptor

Front 6

Drug Effects

Back 6

Molecular changes that lead to widespread alterations in physiological or psychological functions.

Front 7

Therapeutic Effects

Back 7

Drug-Receptor interaction produces desired changes

Front 8

Side Effects

Back 8

All other effects that are not therapeutic

Front 9

Specific Drug Effects

Back 9

Drug Effects based on the physical and
biochemical interactions of a drug with a target site in living
tissue.

Front 10

Nonspecific Drug Effects

Back 10

Drug Effects based not on the chemical activity of a drug-receptor interaction
but on certain unique characteristics of the individual.

Front 11

Double-Blind Experiment

Back 11

Patient nor observer knows what treatment the patient has received

Front 12

Bioavailability

Back 12

Amount of drug in the blood that is free to bind at target sites

Front 13

Pharmacokinetic factors that determine bioavailability of drugs: (5)

Back 13

1. Routes of Administration
2. Absorbtion and Distribution
3. Binding
4. Inactivation
5. Excretion
*All work simultaneously*

Front 14

Route of Administration

Back 14

Pharmacokinetic factor that determines how quickly and completely the drug is absorbed into the blood.

Front 15

Absorbtion and Distribution

Back 15

Pharmacokinetic factor (2 of 5)
Drug must pass through cell membranes and enter the blood plasma, then is transported to all cells in the body.

Front 16

Binding

Back 16

Pharmacokinetic factor (3 of 5)
Once in blood plasma, drug molecules may move to tissues to bind to active target sites (receptors). A drug may also bind to plasma proteins or may be stored in fat or bone (DEPOT BINDING).

Front 17

Inactivation (Biotransformation)

Back 17

Pharmacokinetic factor (4 of 5)
Occurs as a result of metabolic processes in the liver. Balance between absorption and inactivation. Influences the intensity and duration of drug effects.

Front 18

Excretion

Back 18

Pharmacokinetic factor (5 of 5)
Liver metabolites are eliminated from body with urine or feces.

Front 19

The Drug Effect experienced depends on: (4)

Back 19

1: Bioavailability
2: How fast drug reaches target.
3: History of drug use.
4: Nonspecific factors.

Front 20

Methods of Drug Administration: (8)

Back 20

1. Oral Administration (PO)
2. Intravenous (IV)
3. Intramuscular (IM)
4. Subcutaneous (SC)
5. Inhalation
6. Topical
7. Transdermal
8. Epidural

Front 21

Oral Administration (PO)

Back 21

(1) Most popular route of drug administration. Safe, self-administered and economical. Pills, capsules, tablets or liquids. The drug must dissolve in the stomach fluids and pass through stomach wall to reach blood capillaries.

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Absorption

Back 22

Movement of drug from site of administration to blood circulation.

Front 23

First-Pass Effect

Back 23

Liver metabolism of drug molecules will reduce the amount of available drug before it reaches circulation.

Front 24

Intravenous (IV)

Back 24

Most rapid and accurate because passage through cell membranes (stomach wall) is eliminated. Quick onset can be a hazard; Reaches brain almost instantly.

Front 25

Subcutaneous (SC)

Back 25

Injected just below the skin. Absorbed at a rate dependent on blood flow.

Front 26

Inhalation

Back 26

Absorbed into the blood by passing through the lungs. Used often when Oral administration is too slow or ineffective. Can irritate nasal passages and damage the lungs

Front 27

Topical

Back 27

Application to the mucus membranes, such as the conjectiva of the eye, colon and uretha. Can lead to widespread effects

Front 28

Transdermal

Back 28

(Through the Skin) Used with skin patches. Provides a controlled and sustained delivery.

Front 29

Epidural

Back 29

Spinal anesthetics are administered directly into the cerebrospinal fluid. Bypasses the blood-brain barrier.

Front 30

Psychoactive Drugs

Back 30

Drugs that have an effect on thinking, mood and behavior.

Front 31

Factors Modifying Drug Absorption: (4)

Back 31

1. Transport Across Membranes.
2. Lipid-Soluble Drugs
3. Ionized Drugs
4. Other Factors (Weight, Sex, Size, Age)

Front 32

The Transport Across Membranes (1)

Back 32

A Factor Modifying Drug Absorption (1 of 4) Rate of passage through cell layers and membranes. Most important in determining plasma drug levels.

Front 33

Lipid-Soluble Drugs (2)

Back 33

A Factor Modifying Drug Absorption (2 of 4) Lipid solubility increases the absorption of drugs into the blood. Penetrates the brain more quickly.

Front 34

Ionized Drugs (3)

Back 34

A Factor Modifying Drug Absorption (3 of 4) Ionized molecules do not readily cross the lipid bilayer and bioavailability is decreased. No ionization occurs if pH of drug and body content pH is similar.
*Low pH drug in low pH stomach acid does not ionize*

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Blood-Brain Barrier

Back 35

Barrier that limits drug distribution by separating circulating blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Protects the central nervous system. It's a network of blood vessels with closely spaced cells.

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Placental Barrier

Back 36

Unique to women. Occurs between the blood circulation of a pregnant woman and a fetus.

Front 37

Depot Binding

Back 37

Drugs can attach themselves at inactive sites where no biological effect is initiated. These sites (DRUG DEPOTS) include plasma protein, muscles and fat. The drug molecules lay dormant until they are finally metabolized by the liver.

Front 38

First-Order Kinetics

Back 38

Involved with drug clearance.
Exponential elimination of drug during a fixed time interval is always 50% of remaining drug in blood.

Front 39

Half-Life

Back 39

Amount of time for 50% of drug removal.

Front 40

Zero-Order Kinetics

Back 40

Drug molecules cleared at a constant rate regardless of drug concentration. (Ethyl Alcohol)

Front 41

Biotransformation (Two Types)

Back 41

Drug metabolism in the liver
(Two Types)
Type 1: Nonsynthetic modification of the drug molecule by oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis.
Type 2: Synthetic reactions that require the conjugation of the drug with a small molecule.