Psychology- Themes & Variations/chpt. 6 Learning

Front 1

The formation of a new conditioned response tendency.

Back 1

Acquisition

Front 2

Learning that has occurred when an organism engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occurring.

Back 2

Avoidance learning

Front 3

A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning.

Back 3

Behavior modification

Front 4

A written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program.

Back 4

Behavioral contract

Front 5

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

Back 5

Classical conditioning

Front 6

Stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers. See Secondary reinforcers.

Back 6

Conditioned reinforcers

Front 7

A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.

Back 7

Conditioned response (CR)

Front 8

A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.

Back 8

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Front 9

Reinforcing every instance of a designated response.

Back 9

Continuous reinforcement

Front 10

A graphic record of reinforcement and responding in a Skinner box as a function of time.

Back 10

Cumulative recorder

Front 11

Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response.

Back 11

Discriminative stimuli

Front 12

To draw out or bring forth.

Back 12

Elicit

Front 13

A type of learning in which an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.

Back 13

Escape learning

Front 14

Efforts to transfer the emotion attached to a UCS to a new CS.

Back 14

Evaluative conditioning

Front 15

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.

Back 15

Extinction

Front 16

A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed.

Back 16

Fixed-interval (FI) schedule

Front 17

A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses.

Back 17

Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule

Front 18

A type of conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus.

Back 18

Higher-order conditioning

Front 19

A reinforcement schedule in which a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

Back 19

Intermittent reinforcement

Front 20

Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs.

Back 20

Latent learning

Front 21

A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience.

Back 21

Learning

Front 22

The strengthening of a response because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus.

Back 22

Negative reinforcement

Front 23

A type of learning that occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.

Back 23

Observational learning

Front 24

A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.

Back 24

Operant conditioning

Front 25

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. See Classical conditioning.

Back 25

Pavlovian conditioning

Front 26

Reinforcement that occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.

Back 26

Positive reinforcement

Front 27

Species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others.

Back 27

Preparedness

Front 28

Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.

Back 28

Primary reinforcers

Front 29

An event that follows a response that weakens or suppresses the tendency to make that response.

Back 29

Punishment

Front 30

An event following a response that strengthens the tendency to make that response.

Back 30

Reinforcement

Front 31

The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers.

Back 31

Reinforcement contingencies

Front 32

Referring to the phenomenon that occurs if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired; the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place.

Back 32

Renewal effect

Front 33

In operant conditioning, the phenomenon that occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated.

Back 33

Resistance to extinction

Front 34

A specific presentation of reinforcers over time.

Back 34

Schedule of reinforcement

Front 35

Stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.

Back 35

Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers

Front 36

The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

Back 36

Shaping

Front 37

A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled.

Back 37

Skinner box

Front 38

In classical conditioning, the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Back 38

Spontaneous recovery

Front 39

The phenomenon that occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

Back 39

Stimulus discrimination

Front 40

The phenomenon that occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

Back 40

Stimulus generalization

Front 41

In classical conditioning, any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli.

Back 41

Trial

Front 42

An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.

Back 42

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Front 43

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.

Back 43

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Front 44

A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed.

Back 44

Variable-interval (VI) schedule

Front 45

A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses.

Back 45

Variable-ratio (VR) schedule