Ib Psychology Chapter 6: Learning

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Acquisition

Back 1

the addition of a new type of behavior, response, in-formation, or idea to an individual’s repertoire

Front 2

Avoidance Learning

Back 2

the establishment of behavior that prevents,postpones, or reduces the frequency of aversive stimulation

Front 3

Classical Conditioning

Back 3

a type of learning in which an initiallyneutral stimulus—the conditioned stimulus (CS)—when pairedwith a stimulus that elicits a reflex response—the unconditionedstimulus (US)—results in a learned, or conditioned, response (CR)when the CS is presented.

Front 4

Conditioned Response

Back 4

in classical conditioning, the learned oracquired response to a conditioned stimulus

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Conditioned Stimulus

Back 5

in classical conditioning, a neutral stimu-lus that is repeatedly associated with an unconditioned stimulusuntil it acquires the ability to elicit a response that it previouslydid not

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Conditioned Taste Avrsion

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the association of the taste of a foodor fluid with an aversive stimulus (usually gastrointestinal discom-fort or illness), leading to a very rapid and long-lasting aversion to,or at least a decreased preference for, that particular taste

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Conditioning

Back 7

the process by which certain kinds of experiencemake particular actions more or less likely

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Continuous Reinforcement

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the reinforcement of every response

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Escape Learning

Back 9

the acquisition of a response that results in the termination of an aversive stimulus

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Extinction

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a gradual decline in the probability and magnitude ofthe formerly reinforced response

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Fixed-ratio schedule

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a schedule of reinforcement in which rein-forcement is given after a specified number of responses

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fixed-time schedule

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a schedule of reinforcement in which rein-forcement is given at fixed time intervals

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higher order conditioning

Back 13

a procedure in which the condi-tioned stimulus in one situation acts as the unconditioned stimu-lus of another, for the purpose of conditioning a neutral stimulus

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instinctive drift

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the tendency of learned, reinforced behavior togradually return to a more innate behavior

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law of effect

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broadly, the principle that consequences of behav-ior act to modify the future probability of occurrence of that be-havior

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Learned Helplessness

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lack of motivation and failure to act afterexposure to unpleasant events or stimuli over which the individ-ual has no control

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model

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an individual or entity that serves as an example that oth-ers will emulate

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negative reinforcement

Back 18

the removal, prevention, or postpone-ment of an aversive stimulus as a consequence of a response,which, in turn, increases the probability of that response

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observational learning

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the acquisition of information, skills, orbehavior through watching the performance of others, either di-rectly or via such media as films

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operant chamber

Back 20

an apparatus for the laboratory study of op-erant behavior that automatically presents stimuli and recordsresponses

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operant conditioning

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the process in which behavioral changeoccurs as a function of the consequences of behavior

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positive reinforcement

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an increase in the probability of occur-rence of some activity because that activity results in the presen-tation of a stimulus or of some circumstance

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primary reinforcement

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the process in which presentation of astimulus or circumstance following a response increases the fu-ture probability of that response, without the need for special ex-perience with the stimulus or circumstance

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punishment

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the process in which the relationship between aresponse and some stimulus or circumstance results in the re-sponse becoming less probable

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reinforcement

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a process in which the frequency or probability ofa response is increased by a dependent relationship with a stimu-lus or circumstance

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secondary reinforcement

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a neutral stimulus that acquires theability to act as a reinforcer, usually by being paired with a primaryreinforcer

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shaping

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the production of new forms of operant behavior by re-inforcement of successive approximations to the behavior

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spontaneous recovery

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the reappearance of a conditioned re-sponse, after either operant or classical conditioning, after it hasbeen experimentally extinguished

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stimulus discrimination

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the ability to distinguish among differ-ent stimuli

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stimulus generalization

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the spread of effects of conditioning(either operant or classical) to stimuli that differ in certain aspectsfrom the stimulus present during original conditioning

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token economy

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a program in which desired behavior is rein-forced by offering tokens that can be exchanged for special foods,television time, passes, or other rewards

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unconditioned response

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the unlearned response to a stimulus:any original response that occurs naturally and in the absence ofconditioning

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unconditioned stimulus

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a stimulus that elicits an uncondi-tioned response

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variable-ratio schedule

Back 34

a schedule of reinforcement in whichreinforcement is given after a variable number of responses

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variable-time schedule

Back 35

a schedule of reinforcement in whichreinforcement is given after a variable amount of time