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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Operant Conditioning |
The learning of voluntary behavior, through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses. |
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Reinforcement |
Anything that increases the frequency of a behavior. |
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Punishment |
Anything that decreases the frequency of a behavior. |
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Skinner Box |
A completely controlled environment used to study the effectiveness of patterns of reinforcement. |
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Acquisition |
The organism shows a new behavior |
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Shaping |
The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior. (step by step, gradual process) |
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Extinction |
The gradual weakening and disappearance of a response because it is no longer followed by reinforcement. |
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Resistance to Extinction |
An organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer, for it has been terminated. (Reinforcement stops-Behavior Increases) |
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Continuous Reinforcement |
Reinforcing a behavior each time the behavior is shown (consistent) |
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Intermittent Reinforcement |
Reinforcing a behavior occasionally- not reinforcing the behavior each time. (Inconsistent) |
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Fixed-Ratio Schedule |
The reinforcer is given after a consistent number of non-reinforced responses. |
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Variable-Ratio Schedule |
The reinforcer is given after a variable number of non-reinfocred responses. |
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Fixed-Interval Schedule |
The reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed-interval has elapsed. |
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Variable-Interval Schedule |
The reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable amount of time has elapsed. |
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Positive Reinforcement |
Reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus. (Reward) |
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Negative Reinforcement |
Avoiding or ending something unpleasant. (Motivational) |
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Classical Conditioning |
learning to make involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex. |
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Stimulus Contiguity |
Pavalov found that classical conditioning only when the CS preceded the US. And, he found that the fastest conditioning occurred with 1/2 of a second between the two stimuli |
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Spontaneous Recovery |
The reappearance of a learned response after extinction occurred. |
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Stimulus Generalization |
This is showing the same conditioned response, to a similar stimulus.
(Confusion of similarity) |
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Stimulus Discrimination |
This is NOT showing the same conditioned response, to another stimulus. (being able to differentiate the stimuli) |
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Higher Order Conditioning |
A additional level added to classical conditioning. |
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Observational Learning |
Occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. (Founded by Albert Bandura) |
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Model |
The subject being observed in observational learning. |
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General Intelligence |
One single entity that underlies specific mental abilities. |
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Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences |
A theory that suggests that there are nine independent human intelligences that exist. Challenges general intelligence |
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Mental Age |
Indicated that the child displayed the mental performance of a child that chronological age. |
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Intelligence Quotient |
A Number representing a measure of intelligence. (Albert Binet) |
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale |
The most frequently administered adult intelligence test. |
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Normal Distribution |
A graph showing the spread of many sets of data including IQ scores in the general population. It is symmetrical with most scores clustered close to the mean. |
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Percentile Scores |
The score is higher than this percentage of test-takers. |
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Reliability |
The tendency of a test to produce the same scores repeatedly. Very consistent results |
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Validity |
The degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure. |
