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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
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Based on Jung's typology.
questions designed to differentiate between the qualities of: extroversion-introversion thinking-feeling judging-perceiving has face validity |
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MMPI
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory |
Assesses abnormal personality tendencies
Developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups. Most widely researched and clinically used personality test |
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Projective Tests
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theory that people will project their personalities into their responses to ambiguous stimuli
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Rorschach Test
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Example of projective test
patient is presented with standard inkblots and tester records responses. The tester then references responses to Rorschach manual. |
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Sigmund Freud's view of personality
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man is fundamentally evil and motivations are dark and obscure.
focus on unconscious forces and childhood |
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Id
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inborn and primitive motivations .
pleasure seeking and immediate gratification. When in control = primary process e.g. newborns crying out the moment they feel a need |
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Ego
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Ego seeks to gratify the id’s impulses in realistic ways that will bring long-term pleasure rather than pain or destruction.
Reconciles the needs of the superego with the Id. E.g. a child learning to cope with the real world. |
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Superego
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The voice that forces the ego to consider both the real and ideal.
Strives for perfection. Moral Judge Judges actions, producing positive feelings of pride or negative feelings of guilt. |
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Repression Defense Mechanism
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Mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
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Regression Defense Mechanism
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when faced with anxiety, individual retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.
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Reaction Formation Defense Mechanism
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when the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. thus people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
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Projection Defense Mechanism
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Disguising threatening impulses by attributing them to others
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Rationalization Defense Mechanism
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when people self-justify explanations to hide real reasons for our actions.
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Displacement Defense Mechanism
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diverting sexual or aggressive impulses toward an object or person that is psychologically more acceptable than the one that aroused the feeling.
e.g. being angry at parents and kicking the dog. |
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Oral stage of psychosexual development
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age: infancy 0-18 months
pleasure is derived from mouth reaction formation |
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Anal stage of psychosexual development
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age: toddler. 18-36 months
bowel and bladder elimination. struggle: demands for control |
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phallic stage of psychosexual development
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3-6 years
formation of the superego pleasure zone is the genitals Oedipus complex resolution |
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Latent stage of psychosexual development
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Age: 6- puberty
dormant sexual feelings |
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Genital stage of psychosexual development
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age: puberty - on
maturation of sexual interests |
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Oedipus complex/ Electra Complex
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boys develop unconscious sexual desires for their mother and hatred and jealousy for their rival father.
electra complex is female version |
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Identification
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process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
provides gender identity through identification with same-sex parent |
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Fixation
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result of conflicts that are unresolved during earlier psychosexual stages.
e.g. deprivation of oral stimulation could later evolve into fixation on eating and smoking. |
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Carl Jung's view of personality
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people are essentially good
analytic id is the source of life-energy |
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Libido
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life energy
growth energy can be focused out or in. aka extroversion/introversion |
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Collective Unconscious
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carl jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir or memory traces from our species' history.
human nature, archetypes |
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Personal Unconscious
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Items grouped into clusters/complexes
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TAT
Thematic Apperception Test |
Projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interest through the stories they make up about ambiguous stimuli.
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Abraham Maslow's theory of Self-Actualization.
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example of humanist psychology.
the ultimate psychology need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. The motivation to fulfill one's full potential. |
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Person-Centered Perspective of Personality
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Humanistic.
idea that everyone has the potential for growth and self-actualization given: genuineness, acceptance, empathy. unconditional positive regard - total acceptance toward another person. |
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H.J Eysenck's psychometric approach to personality taxonomy
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two independent dimensions.
unstable - stable introverted - extroverted. melancholic= unstable/introvert choleric= unstable/extrovert phlegmatic= unstable/introvert sanguine= stable/extrovert |
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Big Five Traits
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Openness
Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism The traits are stable in adulthood, substantially heritable, applicable to all cultures, good predictors of other personal attributes and the most comprehensive picture of personality. |
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Conscientiousness - Big Five Trait
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organized/disorganized
careful/careless disciplined/impulsive |
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Agreeableness - Big Five Trait
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soft-hearted/ruthless
Trusting/suspicious Helpful/uncooperative |
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Openness - Big Five Trait
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imaginative/practical
Preference for variety/preference for routine independent/conforming |
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Extroversion - Big Five Trait
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sociable/retiring
fun-loving/sober affectionate/reserved |
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Person-Situation Controversy
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behavior is influenced by the interaction of our inner disposition with our environment
as people grow older, their personality traits stabilize, but behavior is not consistently predictable. Personality traits are not good predictors of behavior. but over time, average behavior tends to be fairly consistent. |
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Social-cognitive perspective of behavior
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behavior is influenced by the interaction between people (and their thinking) of their social context
learned through conditioning, observing, or modeling. |
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Reciprocal determinism
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interacting influences between personality and environmental factors.
people choose their environment, which then shapes them. people shape how they interpret and react to events |
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Mental (good) health
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patterns of thoughts and behavior that are:
good for the person, reflect awareness of the realities of life, and keep within the norms of society. decided by nature of society. e.g. pluralistic vs totalitarian. |
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Medical model of abnormal behavior
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concept that mental illnesses have physical causes and can be diagnosed, treated, and cured.
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DSM
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders |
manual used to classify psychological disorders.
is NOT prescriptive/ does not detail treatment for disorders |
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DSM axis 1
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is clinical syndrome present in patient?
e.g. mood disorder, sleep disorder, eating disorder..etc |
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DSM axis 2
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is personality disorder or mental retardation present?
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DSM axis 3
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is there general medical condition also present?
e.g. diabetes, alzheimers |
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DSM axis 4
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are psychosocial and environmental problems also present?
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DSM axis 5
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the global assessment of patient's functioning - ability to perform daily activities and basic understanding.
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Anxiety disorder
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distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
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generalized anxiety disorder
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disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a sate of autonomic nervous system arousal.
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panic disorder
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disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
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obsessive compulsive disorder
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a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
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dissociative identity disorder
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when a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.
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Delusions
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Ideas that don't fit with reality.
egocentric e.g. paranoia |
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Hallucinations
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usually auditory
as voices talking to individual incorporated into delusional systems. |
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Klang Associations
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speech that jumps from topic to topic and has not semantic meaning.
delusional framework and sound is important rather than meaning |
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Major depressive disorder
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person who experiences, without drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings or worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
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paranoid schizophrenia
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person is preoccupied with delusions.
frequent auditory hallucinations |
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Catatonic schizophrenia
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characterized by immobility, extreme negativism, and/or parrot like repeating of another's speech or movements
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disorganized schizophrenia
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disorganized speech/behavior, or flat or inappropriate reaction.
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antisocial personality disorder
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person that exhibits lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family.
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psycotherapy
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emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties.
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biomedical therapy
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prescribing medication or procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system
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psychoanalysis
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sigmund freud's therapy.
free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings. |
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client-centered therapy
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technique in which the therapist uses active listening within a genuine accepting, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth.
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behavior therapy
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therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
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couterconditioning
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therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors.
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exposure therapy
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form of counterconditioning such as systematic desensitization, that treats anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid.
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systematic desensitization
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substituting a positive (relaxed) response for a negative (fearful) response to a harmless stimulus.
used to treat phobias |
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aversive conditioning
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substituting a negative response for a positive response to a harmful stimulus.
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cognitive behavior therapy
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process of making people aware of their irrational negative thinking, to replace it with new ways of thinking, and to practice the most positive approaching in everyday settings
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electro convulsive therapy
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a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of the patient.
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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
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application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain. used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
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psychosurgery
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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
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lobotomy
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procedure to cut the nerves that connect that frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
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attribution theory
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suggests how we explain someone's behavior - by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
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fundamental attribution error
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the tendency to observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
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cognitive dissonance theory
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theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.
we reduce discomfort by changing our attitudes. |
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conformity
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adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
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normative social influence
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influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
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informational social influence
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influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality.
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social facilitation
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stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
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social loafing
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the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
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deindividuation
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the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
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group polarization
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the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
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group think
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the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making process overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
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prejudice
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unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. usually involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory actions
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sterotype
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a generalized belief about a group of people
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discrimination
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unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members
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just-world phenomenon
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the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
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mere exposure effect
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the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
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passionate love
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an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love realationship
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companionate love
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the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
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bystander effect
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to tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
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social exchange theory
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the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
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reciprocity norm
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an exception that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
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social-responsibility norm
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an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
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superordinate goals
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shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
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