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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Perception |
The proccesses of selecting organizing, and interpreting sensory information into meaningful patterns; interpreting sensory images. PERCEPTION |
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Sensation |
The process of detecting, converting and transmitting raw sensory information from the external and internal environments to the brain. DECTECTING |
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Transduction |
Converting stimuli into neural impulses to be sent to the brain (for example trasgorming light waves into neural impulses) TURNING SOMETHING INTO AN EVENT |
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Difference threshold |
Smallest physicla difference between two stimuli that is concsciously detectable %50 of the time. |
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Absolute Threshold |
The minimum amount of stimulation reessary to consciously detect a stimulus %50 of the time. SMALLEST NOICE NEEDED |
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Sensory Adaptation |
The process by which receptor cells become less sensitive due to constant stimulation |
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Phantom Limb Syndrome |
Occurs because nerve cells send conflicting messages to the brain. Key: dont talk about chronic pain. |
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Retina |
Light sensitive inner surface of the back of the eye, which contains the receptor cells for vision |
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Blind Spot |
The point at which the optic nerve leabes the eye, which contains no receptor cells for vision- thus creating a blind spot. |
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Rods |
Photoreceptors concentrated in the periphery of the retina that are most active in dim illumination; rods fo not produce sensation of color. |
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Cones |
Visual receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the terina and are responsible for color vision and fine detail |
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Fovea |
A tiny pit in the center of the retina that is denselt filled with cones and is responsible for for sharp vision |
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Outer Ear |
The pinna, auditory canal, and eardrum structure which funnel sound waves to the middle ear |
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Middle Ear |
The hammer, anvil and stirrup structures of the ear, which concentrate eardrum vibrations onto the chocleas oval window |
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Inner Ear |
The semicurcular canals, vestibular sacs, cochlea, which generates neural signals that are sent to the brain |
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Cochlea |
The fluid filled, coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the receptors for hearing |
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Conduction Deafness |
Eardrum deteriate. Can use hearing aids |
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Sensory Deafness |
No hearing aid and it effects the nerves |
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Pheromones |
Chemical signals that give off smells to show aggression, territorial marking and sexual mating
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Gustation |
Sense of taste |
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Olfaction
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Sense of smell |
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Skin senses |
pressure pain |
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Vestibular system |
Is what causes motion sickness. Eye and msucles to maintain visual fixation |
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Hallucination |
false sensory experiences that occur without external stimuli NOTHING IS THERE |
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Delusions |
refer to false beliefs that can occur to drug use. |
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Illusion |
false or misleading perception shared by others in the same perceptual environment |
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Habituation |
The brains reduces responsivness due to repeated stimulation of the same receptors LIKE DATING WITH LOSING INTEREST DUE TO REPITITION |
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Gestalt Principles (Figure-Ground) |
Objects are easy to see compared to the ground or background |
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Monocular |
One eye |
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Binolular |
2 eyes Shows depth or distance |
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Perceptual Consistency |
Ability to retain an unchanging perception of an object despite changes made in the sensory input |
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Perceptual Set |
Readiness to perceive in a particular manner, based on expections HOW YOU THINK YOU SHOULD ACT |
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Extrasensory Perception |
Being Psychic |
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Consciousness |
Awareness of internal events and of the external environment. |
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Circadian Rythym |
Consistent pattern of cyclical bodily activities. Awake and Sleep patterns |
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Stages of Sleep |
1,2,3,4,3,2,REM As the nigh goes on we drop off the 3 and 4 stages and remain in 2 to dream |
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Paradoxial Sleep |
You do not move |
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REM Sleep |
5th Stage where dreaming happens and it occurs in all mammals |
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Four Sleep Theories |
Adaptation/Protection Theory: Sleep evolved to conserve energy Repair/ Restoration Theory: Sleep allows organisms to repair and recupperate Growth/ Development Theory of Sleep: Deep sleep is correlated with physical development Learing/Memory Theory of Sleep: Sleep is important for learning |
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Three Dream Theories |
Wish-Fulfilment: Dreams provide an outlet for unacceptable desires Latent: Dreams unconscious, hidden meaning transformed into symbols Activation-Synthesis: That dreams are by-products of random stimulation |
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Sleep Awake Disorders |
Narcolepsy: Needing to sleep during awake hours Sleep Terrors: Abrupt feeling of panic that disrupts REM sleep |
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Sleep Walking is |
NON REM SLEEP |
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Psychoactive Drugs |
Chemical that changes mental provesses and conscious awarreness, mood, and/or perception EFFECTS CONSCIOUS AWARENESS |
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Drug Abuse |
Emotinal and Physical harm to you and others |
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Addiction |
Is not limited to just drugs |
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Psychological Dependence |
There is a mental want but you will not go through withdrawls |
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Physical Dependence |
Will go through withdrawls when not on drugs |
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Tolerence |
you become use to the pills and you will need to up the dosage to make it work |
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Major Drugs |
Depressants: Drowsiness, muscle relaxation Stimulants: High, sociability, exhilaration Opiates: Rush, sleep, pain relief Hallucinogens: |
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Meditation |
Removing things from cognitives |
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Hypnotizing |
Bring back memories but does not always work |
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Classical Conditioning |
Learning that develops through associations with previously neuteral stimulus. INVOLUNTARY |
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Conditioning |
Process of learning associations between stimuli and behavioral responses |
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Generalization |
Conditioned response is elicited not only by the conditioned stimulus but also by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus Ex. If one dentist drills you teeth you think others will too |
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Extincition |
Contitioned Stimulus is presented alone; without the unconditioned stimulus; eventually the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response ex: going multiple times to the dentist and your fear subsides |
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High order Conditioning |
Neuteral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through repeated pairing with a previously conditioned stimulus. Ex. Just seeing the sign for the dentist ellicites fear |
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Spontaneous Recovery |
The sudden, reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a rest period.
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Operant Conditioning
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Learning through voluntary behavior and its subsequent consequences; reinforcement increases behavioral tendencies, wheras punsihment decreases them. VOLUNTARY |
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Reinforcement |
Adding or taking away of a stimulus following a response, which increases the likelihood of that response being repeated ENCOURAGMENT |
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Punishment |
Adding or taking away of a stimulus following a response, which decreases the likelihood of that response being repeated. DECREASES |
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Primary Reinforcers |
Needed |
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Secondary Reinforcers |
Material |
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Continuous Reinforcement |
Always there |
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Partiel Reinforcment |
Sometimes there or whenever possible |
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Ratio |
Number |
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Interval
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Time |
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Fixed |
Certain |
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Vairable |
Changes |
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Prejudice |
Is learned from watching others |
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Cognitive Map |
Mental image of how to go somewhere
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Latent Learning |
Learning without reinforcement |
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Observational Learning |
Watching someone do somthing |
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Biological Preparedness |
Response to stimuli |
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Insitinctive Drift |
Hard to chang instincts and always go back to it. |
