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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Transduction?
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Conversion of physical signals from environment into encoded neural signals sent to the central nervous system.
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Neural Sensory Codes
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All signals from all senses use the same fundamental code: Firing Rate (frequency)
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Why do we experience a difference between a message from the eye and a message from the ear?
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The difference between seeing and hearing is where the signals end up.
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What is a Distal Stimulus?
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The actual object that is "out there" in the environment.
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What is the proximal stimulus?
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The information registered on your sensory receptors.
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Iris
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A flat colored membrane behind the cornea of the eye.
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Pupil
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The dark circular opening in the center of the iris of the eye, varying in size to regulate the amount of light reaching the retina.
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Cornea
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The transparent layer forming the front of the eye.
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Lens
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Helps to focus light, or an image, on the retina.
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Retina
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The light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye
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Fovea
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Where visual acuity is highest. The center of the field of vision is focused in this region, where retinal cones are particularly concentrated.
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Retinal Periphery
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Area directly beyond the central retina.
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Optic Nerve
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Transmits impulses to the brain from the retina at the back of the eye.
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Blind spot
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The point of entry of the optic nerves on the retina, insensitive to light.
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Describe the Visual Pathway.
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1. Distal information registered on th eretina.
2. Information travels through a set of neurons between the retina and the primary visual cortex (located in the occipital lobe). |
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Characteristics of neurons within visual cortex
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Around 140 million neurons in each hemisphere. Neurons fire action potentials when visual stimuli appear within their receptive field.
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What did Hubel and Wiesel do and what did they discover?
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Experimented with cats to discover the behavior of neurons when presented with different patterns of light and dark. Some neurons fired rapidly when presented with lines at one angle, while others responded best to another angle.
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Figure
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Has a distinct shape
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Ground
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The region that is left over after the figure has been established, forming the background.
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Illusory Contour
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We see edges even though they are not physically present in the stimulus
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Contour
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An outline, especially one representing or bounding the shape or form of something.
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What is a perceptual Constancy?
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The ability of human beings to distinguish change in lighting, angle or color in an object and know that the object is not physically changing.
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Size constancy
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As an object gets further or closer you are aware that it's not getting bigger or smaller.
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Shape constancy
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If you view an object from different angles you know that it's not changing shape
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Color/lightness constancy
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Humans are aware that changes in lighting are not changes in the color of an object.
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What are the characteristics of template matching?
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1. Proximal stimulus compared to specific mental pattern.
2. your visual system compares a stimulus with a set of specific patterns that you have stored in memory. |
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Feature Analysis Recognition
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1. Pattern recognition based on presence/absence checklist of a set of geometric characteristics.
2. Each visual characterstic is called a distinctive feature. |
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Recognition-By-Components Theory
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Irving Biederman
Geons Similar to feature analysis but 3-d and emphasizes arrangements of components. (coffee cup) |
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What is a Geon?
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Simple 3-d shapes, can be combined to form meaningful objects.
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What is Bottom-Up processing?
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1. Physical Stimuli picked up from environment.
2. Information then passed to higher more sophisticated levels in the perceptual system. |
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Top-Down Processing
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Emphasizes how a persons concepts, expectations, and memory can influence object recognition.
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What is the World Superiority Effect
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We can identify a single letter more accurately and more rapidly when it appears in a meaningful word than when it appears alone by itself or else in a meaningless string of unrelated letters (top-down processing).
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Holistic perception
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Recognition of an object in terms of its overall shape and structure.
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Gestalt
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Overall quality that transcends its individual elements.
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Recognition of strangers faces
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People are much more adept at identifying familiar faces than unfamiliar faces.
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Prosopagnasia
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A disease in which an individual cannot recognize human faces visually.
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Phoneme
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A basic unit of spoken language, such as the sounds a, k, and th.
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Coarticulation
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When you pronounce one phoneme, your mouth stays in a similar shape to assist in the annunciation of the next phoneme.
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Word boundaries
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A pause marks the boundary between words less than 40% of the time.
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Missing phonemes
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People use phonemic restoration to fill in missing phonemes, using contextual meaning as a cue.
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Is attention exclusively bottom-up or top-down?
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No. Depending on the task, it can be one or the other.
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How well do people perform divided-attention tasks?
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Two can be done at one time if they're not that demanding.
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What is change blindness?
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A change in visual stimuli is introduced and the observer does not notice it.
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Inattentional Blindness
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When a person fails to notice a new object appear (opening day gorilla example). Occurs when attention-demanding tasks are already being performed.
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Selective Attention Task
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Requires people to pay attention to certain kinds of information.
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Shadowing
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Repeating a message you heard
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What do listeners pick up from the unattended channel?
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They pick up the sexual orientation of the speaker or their name, typically not much though.
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Filter theory (cocktail party effect)
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Being able to focus on a stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli.
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Early Attention model of Attention (Broadbent)
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Stimuli are filtered out at an earlier stage during processing.
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Late Attention model of Attention (Wedderburn & Gray)
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Stimuli are filtered out at a later stage during processing.
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