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187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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memory
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process by which information is encoded, stored, retrieved
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2 types of memory
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implicit and explicit
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implicit memory types
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procedural and priming
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explicit memory types
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sensory, short term, longterm
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long term memory types
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episodic and semantic
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explicit memory
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conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information
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explicit memory processes and which two are studied most
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encoding, storage and retrieval...1 and 3 studied most
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encoding
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how we take info in
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storage
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how we store info
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retrieval
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how we retrieve info
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sensory
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brief memory store lasting less than a second
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george sperling
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?
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Short term
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the capacity for holding a small amount of info in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time (18 sec)
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working memory
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the active maintenance of and manipulation of info short-term storage
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chunk
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a well learned sequence or patter of parts with preexisting representation in memory
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chunking
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processing info as chunks to more efficiently code, store, and recall that info
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longterm
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capacity for holding info for a long period of time (few min to a lifetime)
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LTM encoding factors
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strucutural, phonemic, semantic
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structural
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capitol letters?
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phonemic
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does it rhyme?
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semantic
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use in sentence
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which of LTM encoding factors most efficient?
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semantic
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LTM retrieval factors
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recall, recognition
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Transfer Appropriate Processing
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memory performance depends on how closely the processes at encoding match the processes at retrieval
greater match=better memory |
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Encoding Specificity Principle
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more similar context at retrieval is to context at encoding, the better memory will be
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Land and water studying test explain
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:)
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episodic
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the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
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semantic
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network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
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Loftus and Palmer experiment
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car eyewitness...often inaccurate if asked specific wording questions
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misinformation effect
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people view an event given misleading info after (influenced at retrieval)
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implicit memory
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when past experiences influence later behavior and performances even though people aren't trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them
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procedural
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the gradual acquisition of skills as a results of practice or "knowing how" to do things
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priming
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enhanced ability to think of something as a result of a recent exposure to that thing
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learning
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a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from experience
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classical conditioning
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type of learning in which a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response, organism learns to anticipate events
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operant conditioning
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type of learning in which the consequences of an organisms behavior determines whether that behavior will be repeated in the future, organism learns to engage in a certain behavior
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stimulus generalization
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neutral stimuli similar to the CS may also elicit the CR
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acquisition
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phase of classical conditioning when the CS and US presented together
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extinction
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gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the U.S. is no longer presented
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spontaneous recovery
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the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period
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law of effect
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behaviors that lead to rewards are likely to recur, behaviors that lead to discomfort are unlikely to recur
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shaping
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learning that results from the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behavior
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reinforcement
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occurs when any stimulus or even increases the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
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positive reinforcement
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something desirable is presented
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negative reinforcement
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something undesirable is presented
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punishment
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occurs when any stimulus or even decreases the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
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positive punishment
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something undesirable presented
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negative punishment
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something desirable is removed
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negative reinforcement
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removal of some unpleasant stimulus which increases some behavior
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escape conditioning
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make response to end an aversive stimulus
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avoidance conditioning
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make responses to avoid exposure to an aversive stimulus
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developmental psychology
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focuses on the course and causes of developmental changes over a person's lifespan
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developmental
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age-related, systematic, sequentail and long-lasting
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2 points of developmental psychology
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-both strong genetic and environment influences are very relevant
-for most part, development cannot be turned off, but rate can be influenced |
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Adi's Story
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Hitler and art school and mean dad
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Prenatal development 3 pts
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zygote, embryo, fetus
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zygote
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1st 2 weeks of development
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embryo
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from 2 weeks to 2 months, organ and limbs form, critical period of development risk for birth defects in this stage
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fetus
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3rd month to end, growth and functioning of organs, by 7 months all organ systems are immature but funcitonoing
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teratogens
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external substance that harm development such as alcohol, drugs, radiation, maternal disease
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____ important for birth of healthy child
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prenatal care
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newborns
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-sleep 70 % of time
-see large objects close up, vision blurry -trouble selective hearing -prefer baby talk "high pitch, songlike" -reflexes |
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reflexes
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unlearned, involuntary behaviors
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cephalocaudal rule
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"top-to-bottom" the tendency for motor skills to emerge in a sequence from head to foot
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proximodistal rule
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"inside-to-outside" the tendency for motor skills to emerge in a sequence from the center to the periphery (trunks before elbow, elbow before hand)
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3 pts of Piaget's theory
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-children are qualitatively different from adults
-all children's thinking proceeds through the same stages in the same order -stages can't be taught and they can't be skipped |
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4 stages of cognitive development and who invented it
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piaget
-sensorimotor -preoperational -concrete operational -formal operational |
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sensorimotor
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(0-2yrs) infant experiences world through movement and sense, begin to act intentionally and shows no evidence of understanding of "object permanence" active interaction with environment
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preoperational
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(2-6yrs) child acquires motor skills, but does not understand "conservation of physical properties" child begins this stage by thinking egocentrically but ends with a basic understanding of other minds
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concrete operational
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(6-11 yrs) child can think logically about physical objects and events understands conservation of physical properties
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formal operational
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(11 yrs-on) child can think logically about abstract propositions and hypotheticals
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egocentricism
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failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers
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centration
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focus on single feature
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freud thoughts on social development
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parent-child bond driven by basic needs
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Harlows monkeys
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attachment not based on biological needs, went to soft mother
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strange situation test (mary ainsworth)
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baby cried and wanted mom not stranger when mother left and was soothed by mother when mum came back
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types of attachment list (4)
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secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized
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secure attachment
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upset when separated, but can be easily and quickly comforted upon return
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avoidant attachment
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very upset when parent leaves and avoids/ignores parent upon return
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ambivalent attachment
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upset when parent leaves, angry when parent returns, cannot be comforted
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disorganized attachment
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inconsistent, disturbing behavior
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which attachment the best?
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secure
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what does early attachment style predict?
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relationship style in later childhood and adulthoood, mental disorders, ability to parent effectiviley,
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erik erikson psychosocial stages list all 8 in order
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-trust vs. mistrust
-autonomy vs. self-doubt -initiative vs guilt -competence vs. inferiority -identity vs. role confusion -intimacy vs. isolation -generativity vs. stagnation -ego integrity vs. despair |
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preconventional moral development
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the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor
"heinz bad if blamed for wifes death and bad to go to jail for stealing" |
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conventional moral development
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the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules "dishonor of stealing vs. guilt of having wife die"
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immoral acts
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those which go against social rules, laws, generally accepted civic duties, family obligations
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postconventional
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the morality of an ation is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values, such as right to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness
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preconventional---
conventional---- psostconventional---- |
-punishment
-social rules -ethical principles |
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awareness
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of the outside world, and of one's own mental processes, thoughts, feelings and perception
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is it possible to think of nothing?
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nope
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Nature of Consciousness list 4 basic properties
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intentionality of consciousness, unity of consciousness, selectivity of consciousness, transience of consciesness
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intentionality of consciousness
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consciousness is always about something
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unity of consciousness
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consciousness is resistant to devision
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selectivity of consciousness
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the capacity of consciousness to change
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mental control
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the attempt to change conscious states of mind
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thought suppression
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the conscious avoidance of a thought
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pink elephant example of
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thought suppression
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Heinz story
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ya
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levels of consciousness
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variations in quantity, how much awareness can you have
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states of consciousness
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variations in quality and nature of awareness
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4 states of consciousness
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conscious, preconscious, subconscious, nonconscious
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conscious
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what i am aware that i say, do think, percieve, feel
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preconscious
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feelings, thoughts, memories, emotions, touching awareness
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subconscious
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fears of loss and abondonment, drives of love and belonging the hurt and rejected child within-acted upon but normally aware of
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nonconscious
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encapsulated drives/beliefs/process that we are unconsciously seek to realize in life (gender roles, ambitions)
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evidence of non/pre/subconsciousness
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priming, mere-exposure effect
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levels of consciousness
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minimal consciousness
full consciousness self consciousness |
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priming
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respond faster and more accurately to stimuli that are more familiar
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mere-exposure effect
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ppl prefer previously encountered stimulit
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minimal consciousness
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consciousness that occurs when the brain, inputs sensations and outputs behavior
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full consciousness
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being aware of your experience
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self-consciousness
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the persons attention is drawn to the self as an object
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states of consciousness
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wakefullness, sleep, hypnosis, drugs/alchohol induced
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sleep
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behavioral state AND altered state of consciousness of reduced awareness and reduced responsiveness to the environment
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sleep rhythmic variation (4)
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-circadian rhythms
-one cycle lasts 24 hrs -light is an external cue that can set the circadian rhythm -some circadian rhythms are endogenous, suggesting the existence an in internal clock |
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EEG Sleep Stages (6)
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Stage 0: alpha waves
Stage 1: theta waves Stage 2: sleep spindles Stage 3: delta waves Stage 4: delta waves REM sleep |
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sleep when rapid eye movements
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REM
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rolling eye movements in sleep
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between Stage 0 and 1
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2 theories of sleep
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1) repair/restoration
2) evolutionary/circadian |
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repair/restoration
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sleep allows for recuperation from physical, emotional, intellectual fatigue
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evolutionary/circadian
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sleep evolved to conserve energy and protect our ancestors from predators
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4 effects of sleep deprivation
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-irritabiliyt
-aches -ADHD symptoms -obesity -decreased reaction time |
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Sleep disorders/problems (7)
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-insomnia
-parasomia -narcolepsy -sleep apnea -sleep paralysis -restless leg syndrome -REM behavior disorder |
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insomnia
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difficulty in getting to sleep/remaining asleep
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parasomia
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disturbances during sleep (nightmares, sleep walking)
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narcolepsy
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irresistible compulsion to sleep
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sleep apnea
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stop breathing while asleep
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Freudian Dream Analysis (3)
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-unconscious wish fulfillment
-latent content (hidden meaning) -manifest content (socially acceptable) |
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Physiological Theories (2)
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-Activation-synthesis model
-Memory synthesis (hippocampus and amygdala) |
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sleep
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a behavioral state AND an alatered state of consciousness of reduces awareness and reduces responsiveness to the environment
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a behavioral state AND an alatered state of consciousness of ____ and ____ to the environment
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reduced awareness, reduced responsiveness
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good sleep hygeine (2 for each, personal habits, sleeping environment, getting ready for bed)
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(avoid napping, fix bedtime/awakening)
(comfy bedding, block distracting noise) (practice relaxation before bed, leave worries behind) |
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hypnosis
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altered state of heightened suggestibility
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the hypnotic state is characterized by (5)
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-narrow and focused attention
-passive recpetive attitude -heightened suggestibility -imagination -reduced reaction to pain |
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3 myths of hypnosis
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-ppl can be hypnotized against their will
-hypnosis fake -hypnotized ppl have special strength |
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2 types of intelligence
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1) intelligence is one thing "single intelligence"
2) intelligence is 1+ thing "multiple intelligences" |
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intelligence: one thing
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-umbrella term describing a property of the mind including related abilities, such as the capacitites for abstract thought, understanding, communication, reasoning, learning, learning form past experiences, planning + problem solving
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ravens use tools!
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bucket and bird
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Spearmans "g"
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Abstract reasoning, fluency, speed, logic, factual knowledge, spatial abbilities, verbal skill, quant skill, working memory, search
-according to this theory we only need one number to assess intelligence...IQ |
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ration IQ
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mental age/physical age all times 100
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Deviation IQ
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test score/avg test score of sum of age groups all tiems 100
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how do we measure IQ?
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vocab, info, symbol search, arithmetic, block design
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____ at play when your younger moreso than when your older
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environment
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Intelligence: more than one thing and person!
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GARDNER!
many components, logical, linguistic, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic |
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Sternbergs triachic theory (3)
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analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence
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analytical intelligence
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basic info processsing skills
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creative intelligence
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ability to deal with novel vs routine problems
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practical intelligence
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ability to adapt to new and different context and to select and shape context
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creativity
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ability to generate ideas or products that are novel and appropriate
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crystallized intelligence
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the part of intelligence equated with knowledge (info stored in long-term memory)
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fluid intelligence
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the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge, the ablility to analyze problems, identify patterns and relationships that underpin these problems
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learning disorders
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large discrepancy between an individual measured IQ and his/her achievement
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mental retardation
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age of onset before 18 yrs, IQ 70 to 75 or below, demonstrated limitation in 2 or more adaptive life skills
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Eugenics
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the applied science or the biosocial movement which advocated the use of practice aimed at improving the genetic composition of a population
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____ were thought to be unfit for society and should be removed through instituionalization or sterilization
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moron
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Henry Goddard list of the 3
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moron, imbecile, idiot (lowest)
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how to make a valid intelligence test (4)
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construct validity
item bias confounds (education, effort, test-taking skill) stereotype threat |
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is there an intelligence test that takes in all 4 of the validity things
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nope
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5 key point of intelligence
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1) multiple theories of intelligence (one thing/more than one thing)
2) regardless of intelligence is associated with performance across a variety of tasks 3) intelligence is associated with important outcomes 4) even though a person is intelligent, he/she can still be annoying and/or make poor decisions -eugenics teaches us that we need to be very careful when making social policy decisions based on results from intelligence tests |
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cell phone us vs. drunk driving
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its worse
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drinking and driving kills over ___ a year ( ___ of all traffic related fatalities result of drunk driving)
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16,000 and half
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3 points don't drive and talk on phone
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-handling phone (looking away)
-having conversation (attention) -more distracting that talking with a passenger |
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texting driving performance ___ x worse
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23
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regarding the vulnerability of teratogens
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early pregnancy
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intelligence tests predict ___ better than they predict intelligence
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school performance
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know the encodicing specificity principle
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ya
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bad candidate for hypnosis
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someone who plays sports
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waking up crying then not remembering
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night terrors
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fast decaying store of visual info
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iconic memory
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conditioned response
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ya
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seconder reinforcer example
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money
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primary reinforcer example
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shelter
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short term memory can hold ___ meaningful items at once
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7
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40 year old intelligence tested today her IQ would be a ___ IQ
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deviation
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babies development ___
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top-down
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avoidant attachment
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ya
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marital satisfaction is based on ___
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kids
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observational learning
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ya
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most common adult IQ test
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wechster adult intelligence scale
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activation-synthesis model
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ya
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organizational encoding
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ya
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whats not fully supported by research
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some demographics more intelligent
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encoding
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ya
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self-consciousness
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ya
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short term memory store only
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18 sec
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chunking
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grouping the words
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