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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Learning
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involves some experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner
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Habituation
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general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding
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Classical Conditioning
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when a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response
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Unconditioned Stimulus
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Something that reliably produces a natually occurring reaction in an organism
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Unconditioned Response
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A reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
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Conditioned Stimulus
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a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism
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Conditioned Response
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a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus
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Aquisition
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the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together
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Second-Order Conditioning
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Conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learnin from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS
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Extinction
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The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented
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Spontaneous Recovery
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the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period
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Generalization
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a process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition
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Discrimination
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the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli
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Biological Preparedness
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a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others
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Operant Conditioning
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a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future
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Law of Effect
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the principle that behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated
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Operant Behavior
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behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment
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Reinforcer
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any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
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Punisher
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and stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
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overjustification effect
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circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior
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Fixed Interval Schedule
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an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made
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Variable Interval Schedule
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an operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement
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Fixed Ratio Schedule
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an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made
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Variable Ratio Schedule
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an operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses
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Intermittent Reinforcement
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an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement
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Intermittent Reinforcement Effect
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the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement
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Shaping
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Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behavior
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Latent Learning
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a condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future
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Cognitive Map
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a mental representation of the physical features of the environment
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Observational Learning
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a condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others
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Implicit Learning
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Learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition
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Consciousness
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the person's subjective experience of the world and the mind
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Cartesian Theater
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a mental screen or stage on which things appear to be presented for viewing by the mind's eye
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Phenomenolgy
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how things seem to the conscious person
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Problem of Other Minds
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the fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others
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Mind/Body Problem
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the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and the body
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Dichotic Listening
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a task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented to each ear
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Cocktail Party Phenomenon
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a phenomenon in which people tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby
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Minimal Consciousness
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a low-level kind of sensory awareness and respnsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior
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Full Consciousness
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consciousness in which you know and are able to report your mental state
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Self-Consciousness
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a distinct level of consciousness in which the person's attention is drawn to the self as an object
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Mental Control
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the attempt to change conscious states of mind
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Thought Suppression
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the conscious avoidance of a thought
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Rebound Effect of Thought Suppression
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the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression
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Ironic Processes of Mental Control
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Mental processes that can produce ironic errors because monitoring for errors can itself produce them
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Dynamic Unconscious
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an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the persons deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control these forces
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Repression
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a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness
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Cognitive Unconscious
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the mental processes that give rise to the person's thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person
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Subliminal Perception
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a thought or behavior that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving
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Altered States of Consciousness
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Forms of experience that depart from normal subjective experience of the world and the mind
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Circadian Rhythm
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a naturally occurring 24-hour cycle
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REM Sleep
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a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity
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Electrooculograph
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an instrument that measures eye movements
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Insomnia
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difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep
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Sleep Apnea
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a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep
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Somnambulism
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occurs when the person arises and walks around while asleep
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Narcolepsy
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a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities
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Sleep Paralysis
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the experience of waking up unable to move
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Night Terrors
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abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal
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Manifest Content
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a dream's apparent topic or superficial meaning
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Latent Content
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a dream's true underlying meaning
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Activation-Synthesis Model
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the theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of activations that occur randomly during sleep
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Psychoactive Drug
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a chemical that influences consciousness or behavior by altering the brain's chemical message system
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Drug Tolerance
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The tendency for larger doses of a drug to be required over time to achieve the same effect
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Depressants
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substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system
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Balanced Placebo Design
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a study design in which behavior is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of a placebo stimulus
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Alcohol Myopia
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a condition that results when alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations
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Stimulants
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Substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels
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Narcotics or Opiates
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Highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain
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Endorphins or Endogenous Opiates
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Neurotransmitters that have a similar structure to opiates and that appear to play a role in how the brain copes internally with pain and stress
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Hallucinogens
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Drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations
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Marijuana
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the leaves and buds of the hemp plant
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Hypnosis
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an altered state of consciousness characterized by suggestibility and the feeling that one's actions are occurring involuntarily
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Posthypnotic Amnesia
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the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget
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Hypnotic Analgesia
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the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis
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Meditation
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the practice of intentional contemplation
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Emotion
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a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity
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James-Lange Theory
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a theory about the relationship between emotional experience and physiological activity suggesting that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in thurn produces an emotional experience in the brain
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Cannon-Bard Theory
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theory about the relationship between emotional experience and physiological activity suggesting that stimuli simultaneously trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system and emotional experience in the brain
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Two-Factor Theory
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a theory about the relationship between emotional experience and physiological activity suggesting that emotions are inferences about the causes of undifferentiated physiological arousal
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Appraisal
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an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus that is performed by the amygdala
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Emotion Regulation
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the use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one's emotional experience
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Reappraisal
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a strategy that involves changing one's emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus
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Emotional Expression
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any observable sign of an emotional state
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Universality Hypothesis
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the hypothesis that emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis
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the hypothesis that the emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify
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Display Rules
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Norms for the control of emotional expression
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Motivation
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the purpose for or cause of an action
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Hedonic Principle
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the notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain
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Homeostasis
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the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state
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Drive
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an internal state generated by departures from physiological optimality
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Bulimia Nervosa
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an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging
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Anorexia Nervosa
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an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake
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Metabolism
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the rate at which energy is used by the body
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Human Sexual Response
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the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity
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Extrinsic Motivation
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a motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to reward
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Intrinsic Motivation
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a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding
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Conscious Motivation
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motivation of which one is aware
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Unconscious Motivation
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motivation of which one is not aware
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Need for Achievement
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the motivation to solve worthwhile problems
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Approach Motivation
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a motivation to experience positive outcomes
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Avoidance Motivation
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a motivation not to experience negative outcomes
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