Psychology Prologue And Chapter 1 Vocab From "psychology"

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psychology

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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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empiricism

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the view that knowlede originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

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structuralism

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-used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
-Titchener, Wundt
-learn about the different parts of the mind
-structure of mind

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functionalism

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-focused on how mental and behavioral processes function, how the enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
-William James
-learn how the mind works (not its parts)
-function of mind

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humanistic psychology

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-emphasized the importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential, and the importance of meeting our needs for love and acceptance
-Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
-"the third force"
-focuses on reality
-you make the decisions in life

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nature-nuture issue

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-controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

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natural selection

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-survival of the fittest

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levels of analysis

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-the differing complementary views for analyzing any given phenomenom

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biopsychsocial approach

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-an integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

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basic research

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-pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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applied research

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-scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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counseling psychology

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-branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in acheiving greater well-being

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clinical psychology

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a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

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psychiatry

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-a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders
-M.D.

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John Locke

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-come into world with blank slate (tabula rasa)
-experiences form who you are

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Wilhelm Wundt

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-1897-established 1st psychological laboratory
--marked start of psychology as a science
-asked people to be introspective
-structuralist

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William James

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-fucntionalist

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Titchener

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-brought psychology to US
-went to Cornell
-structuralist

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Skinner

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-radical behaviorist
--wanted to know what you can measure (not behavior)
-thought cognitive would destroy psych

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Watson

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-behaviorist (founded it)
-used what he knew about psych to be successful in business

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Freud

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-psychoanalist (founded it)
-"we are like an iceberg. we deal with reality which is above the iceberg. the unconscious is under the iceberg"
--need to get into unconscious to fix reality
-used hypnosis, then talk therapy
-used dreams to understand the unconscious
-free association-speak whatever that comes to mind
-would look at humour, slips of the tongue

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Roger and Maslow

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-humanistic psychology
--"the third force"
--focuses on reality
--you make the decisions in life

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free assocciation

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-speak whatever comes to mind

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cognitive therapy

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-talking therapy
-present psychology

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issues with psychology

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-nature vs nuture
-stability vs change
-rationality vs irrationality

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neuroscience

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-focus on brain to see what determines behavior

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degrees

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-Ph. D - clinical psychology
-Psy. D - learn about talking therapy
-Ed. D - educational psychology
-D.D
-Soc. D - sociology doctor
-M.D. - psychiatrist, can write prescription

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community psychologist

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-assess and provide for the psychiatric needs of the community

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things that limit/impact our thinking

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-limits to intuition or common sense
--can't always rely on it
-hindsight bias
--"I knew it all along" phenomenom
-overconfidence
--think we know more than we actually do

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theory

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-a way to explain some phenomenom

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hypothesis

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-an educated guess

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replication

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-redo what someone else did and produce the same results
-has to be replicated in order to be valid
-to do this:
--have to have clear operation definiton

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operation definition

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-clear steps needed for replication

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case study

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-when an individual or small group is studied indepth to help the larger group

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survey

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-large group is studied to help a smaller group or individuals

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random sample

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-information taken from a group of random people to help the larger group

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false concensus effect

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-around people of the same concensus, think that everyone thinks the same

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naturalistic observation

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-put yourself in the situation you want to observe

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correlational studies

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-study a scatter plot

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positive correlation

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-both variables go up or both variables go down

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negative correlation

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-one variable goes up and one goes down

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illusory correlation

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-really no correlation between 2 variables

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blind experimentation

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-used to avoid bias
-subjects and researchers are uniformed
-single or double

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hawthorne effect

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-you have to be aware of how the people feel about being in the study because it could be changing the results

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control

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-nothing changes
-used for comparison

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dependent variable

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-what you're going to measure

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independent variable

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-what is manipulated

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placebo

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-something that a person expects to do something

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subliminal

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-beneath the surface

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nocebo

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-something that a person doesn't expect to do anything

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bell curve/normal curve/Gaussian curve

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-distribution of results
-measures of central tendencies

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mean

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-average

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mode

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-most common

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median

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-midpoint of results

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standard deviation

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-how scores relate to the mean

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range

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-gap between lowest and highest scores

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culture

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-beliefs and behaviors that a group shares and passes on

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Why do psychologists study animals?

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-animals have a lot of same systems as humans have
-acasyia - used to study nervous system

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ethics

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-whats right and wrong
-code of ethics written:
--animals
---how long they can be deprived
--people
---must have informed consent
--talking therapy
---no sexual contact with patient

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informed consent

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-you have to sign a document that the people being researched are well informed about the research

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Clark

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-studied segregation with wife

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radical behaviorist

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-wanted to know what you could measure (not behavior)
-Skinner

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Socrates and Plato

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-mind is separable from body and continues after the body dies
-knowledge is born within us

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Aristotle

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-knowledge is not preexisting
--it grows from experiences
-the soul is not separable from the body

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Descartes

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-agreed with Socrates and Plato about the existence of innate ideas and the mind's being separated from the body and its ability to survive death
-"animal spirits" in brain fluid
--nerves and memories
-

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Francis Bacon

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-one of the founders of modern science
-major influence in psychology
-centered on experiment, experience, and common sense judgement