Psychology - Personality

Front 1

the rorschach inkblot test

Back 1

projective technique: person is asked to report what they see, no clear image so the things you see must be projected from inside yourself. everyone sees something different

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the thematic apperception test

Back 2

projective test: person is asked to tell a story about the "hero" in the picture. based on murray's personality theory: people are distinguished by the needs that motivate their behavior.

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objective tests

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MN multiphasic personality inventory
the NEO-5
the California Q-sort

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reliability

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the extent to which a test yields consistent results over time or using alternate forms. ex: SAT/ACT.

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validity

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the extent to which a test measures what it's supposed to measure. need reliability to be valid.

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standardization

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the procedure by which existing norms are used to interpret an individual's test score.

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test-retest

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form of reliability: producing similar results on different occasions

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internal consistency

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form of reliability: the degree to which items that make up the test "hang together"

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content validity

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making sure the items on a test capture the concept well

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construct-related validity

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making sure the test is in fact a test of the concept. convergent validity v. divergent validity

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criterion-related validity

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making sure the test predicts what it is supposed to predict. predictive v concurrent validity.

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personality

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latin: "mask"
an individual's distinct and relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, needs, motives, values, attitudes, and behaviors. (excludes race, gender, physical attractiveness

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16F model (traits)

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opposite traits: ex. socialable-unsocialable, bold-timid, tense-relaxed

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"Big Five" Personality Demensions

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Extroversion: socialable
Neuroticism: anxious
Agreeablenes: modest
Openness to experience: creative
Conscientiousness: persistent

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Three Million Dollar Questions

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-Is personality consistent across situations?
-Is personality stable through the lifespan?
-How is personality formed and shaped?

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Is personality consistent across situations?

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People are consistent in their consistency. any one person is likely to behave SIMILARILY within a family of situations but DIFFERENTLY between families of situations

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Consistency in inconsistency problems

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-measurement problem
-predictive problem
-What's a "situation" and a "situational family?"
-How would we measure people and predict their behavior in multiple, unique situations?
keep in mind: What determines how people behave within and between families of situations?

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What determines how people behave across their lifespan?

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-Genetics- negative and positive affectivity
-Learning- achievement, power,and affiliation

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Evidence for Genetic Influences in personality across lifespan

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123 pairs of identical twins and 127 pairs of fraternal twins. Measured on Big 5. personality differences in the pop. are 40-50% genetically determined

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evidence for trait learning in personality across lifespan

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personality is least stable during childhood
consistency increases with age

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Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)

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features of the situation result in behaviors through encoding processes and behavior generation processes

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traits

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associative networks of behavior and physiological response tendencies, cognitions, and feelings.

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observational learning

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Modeling: the social-learning process by which behavior is observed and imitated. (Bandura)

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Self-Efficacy

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the belief that one is capable of performing the behaviors required to produce a desired outcome. (Bandura)
Not a trait-can be understood only in relation to specific situations and behaviors

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locus of control

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the expectancy that one's reinforcements (rewardS) are generally controlled by internal or external factors. (rotter)
this is a trait

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Roger's Self-Concept Theory

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Real v Ideal Self (see slide pg 8)
self esteem is defined by the match between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves

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unconditional positive regard

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a situation in which the acceptance and love one receives from significant others is unqualified

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conditional positive regard

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a situation in which the acceptance and love one receives from significant others is contingent upon one's behavior

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maslow's hierarchy of needs

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(top to bottom)
self-actualization
esteem
belongingness
safety
physiological

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Freudian Personality Structure

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Id: operates according to the pleasure principle. (primitive, unconscious)
Superego: Moral ideals and conscience
Ego: operates according to the reality principle. (mediates between id and ego)

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psychoanlysis

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freud's theory of personality and method of psychotherapy, both of which assume that our motives are largely unconscious.

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pleasure principle

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in psychoanalysis, the id's boundless drive for immediate gratification

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reality principle

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in psychoanalysis, the ego's capacity to delay gratification

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repression/denial

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refusing to acknowledge an undesirable event.

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displacement

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shifting feelings from one object to a substitute object (less anxiety-provoking)
ex. kicking your dog after a tough day at work

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sublimation

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a form of displacement. here, a sexual or aggressive impulse is moved to an acceptable object
ex. redirecting sexual energy toward the creation of a work of art

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reaction formation

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exhibiting the opposite of one's true feelings. behaving in the opposite way to one's usual way.
ex. man is attracted to other men. homophobic

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projection

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attributing to others unwanted feelings, thoughts, or behaviors.
ex. blame, excuses for being late

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rationalization

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proposing socially acceptable feelings or reasons for own behavior in place of actual unacceptable ones.
ex. did bad on psych. exam- "who wants to be a psychologist anway?"

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stages of psychodynamic development

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oral stage: pleasure centers on mouth
anal stage: anus
phallic stage: genitals
latency stage: repression of sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills
genital stange: sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside of the family.