Psychology Of Personality

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Personality is...

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is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that are organized and relatively enduring and that influence his or her interactions with, and adaptations to, the intrapsychic, physical, and social environments.

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Personality influences

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-Adaptions (coping, accomplishing goals) to...
-The Environment (physical, social, intrapsychic)

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Approaches: Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic

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Childhood experiences, unconscious motives, conflicts between different drives. (Freud)

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Approaches:
Humanistic

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Conscious awareness, the self,
existentialism.
(Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers)

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Approaches:
Behaviorism/Social Learning

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External environment, rewards and
Punishments, observable behavior.
(Ivan Pavlov, BF Skinner & operant condition)

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Approaches:
Traits/Biological

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Temperament, abilities, enduring
characteristics

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Approaches:
Cognitive

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Interpretations of experience, organization
of reality, expecations

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Funder’s First Law

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Great strengths are usually great weaknesses, and surprisingly often the opposite is true as well

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Consilience/Reductionism

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Synthesis of ideas/knowledge to advance a topic; Explaining a complex thing by the sum of its parts.

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Hobbes vs. Rousseau

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Hobbes: Men are barely above animals. Realism.
Rousseau: Men are initially good. Society is bad. All men crave freedom and peace. Liberalism.

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Biological Determinism

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Our biology/organs/genes (not environment) entirely determines how we behave and change over time.

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Funders 2nd Law

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There are no perfect indicators of personality; there are
only clues, and clues are always ambiguous

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Trier Social Stress Test

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Trier Social Stress Test – gauges reaction/response under lab induced stress. Some stand up and give a speech on most stressful moment in front of nonemotive jury.

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Four Broad Types of Data

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Self-Report
Life
Informant Report
Behavior

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Face Validity

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the degree to which an assessment instrument appears to measure what it is intended to measure.
MMPI (Minne MultiPhasic Personality Inv,not face valid)

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Experience Sampling

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iPhone, every hour report. Gaining popularity in science of psych.

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Reliability

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Tendency of same results.

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Validity

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Degree of actual measurement.

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Reification

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Creating a new reality out of a construct. Ex: Defining intelligence as 4 seemingly correct things.

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Generalizability

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Degree of application to others.

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Research Design:
Case Method

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Studying one event/person over long time.

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Research Design:
Correlational

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Relationship between two variables.

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Research Design:
Experimental

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Testing dep variable and indy variable.

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Psychic Determinism

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All things happen for a reason and it can be determined.

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Structure of Mind

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Conscious: Some superego, some id.
Preconscious: All ego, some superego and id.
Unconscious: Most superego, most id.

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Psychic Conflict

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Between superego and id. Ego solves it.

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Principle of Conservation

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Abiity to know what changes and stays the same during an aesthetic change. One can mentally re-adjust the change. Shows up in kids aged 7-11.

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Libido

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-Energy created by sexual/survival instinct. Drives behavior. Located in Id.
-Invested and re-directed over years.
-Limited, so more in one change means less in another.

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Thanatos

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Unlike libido (life instinct), thanatos is a death instict. Drives risky behavior. (Freud)

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Fixation

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Stuck in a psychosexual development stage.

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Regression

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Facing a situation so anxiety inducing that person reverts to earlier dev stage.

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Stages:
Oral

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Birth - 18 months. Oral gratification. Dependency.

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Stages:
Anal

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18m-3yo. Anal expulsion (increasing demands for self-control/obedience). Self-control. Ego develops here. Kids learns idea of "no."

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Stages:
Phallic

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3.5-7yo. Penis, boys fear losing, girls wonder why absent. Realization that boys & girls are different. Superego develops. Phallic personality is super rigid or immoral, asexual, homosexual, slutty, puritanical.

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Stages:
Genital

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Puberty through 18 ideally. Genitals/reproduction. Creation/enhancement of life.

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Defense Mechanisms

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Denial, repression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement.

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Neo-Freudians

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Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Melanie Klein, Karen Horney, John Bowlby, Erik Erikson.

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Neo-Freudian 3 splits

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Sex, Unconscious, instincts/drives/mental.

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Adler's Inferiority Complex

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Compensation for earlier feelings of inferiority.

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Jung

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Introverts vs. Extroverts.
Ways of thinking.
Collective unconscious.

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Klein and Winnicott

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Object Relations Theory.
We can only relate to others via our image of them.
4 themes: relationships have good and bad, there's a mix of love and hate, it disturbs babies and adults, loving part of something is not loving the whole.