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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Personality? |
The study of Individuals. The underlying causes within the person of individual behavior and experience |
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How do we describe personality? |
Consider ways in which we should characterize an individual. How do people differ from one another and how do we describe personality traits by comparing individuals |
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3 ways to describe personality |
Types, Traits, Personality |
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Type |
- 4 types of temperament described by hippocrates. Sanguine(optimistic), Melancholic (depressed), Choleric (Irritable), and Phlegmatic (apathetic). -Type membership is an all or nothing (qualitative variable) - Person belongs to one and only one category - A small number of types describe everyone |
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Traits |
- Trait scores are continuous (quantitative ) variables. A person is given a numeric score to indicate how much of a trait a person possesses - A person can be described on every trait |
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Factors |
- Factor scores are also continuos (quantitative) variables. A person is given a numeric score to indicate how much of a factor one possesses - A person can be described on every factor |
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Nomothetic approach |
-Involving comparisons with over individuals; research based on groups of people - Drawbacks: Studies many people and compares them on only a few numerical scores, which makes it difficult to understand one whole person. - Much personality research is also limited because it is mainly done on college students. |
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Idiographic approach |
-Studies individuals one at a time. - Difficult because any description of a person implies comparison with other people. - Called idiographic if it focuses on the particularities of an individual case. |
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Theory |
A conceptual tool for understanding certain specified phenomena. - Includes concepts (theoretical constructs) and statements about how they are related (Theoretical Propositions) |
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Theoretical Constructs |
A concept used in a theory |
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Operational Definitions |
Procedure for measuring theoretical construct. EX: Talking about successes rather than failure, dressing nicely rather than poorly |
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Criteria of a good theory |
- Verifiability - Comprehensiveness - Applied value - Parsimony and Heuristic value |
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Verifiability |
- Ability of theory to be tested through empirical procedures, resulting in confirmation or disconfirmation - Ex: Written tests, Interpersonal ratings, observations of behavior, and well specified ways of making observations |
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Applied Value |
- The ability of a theory to guide practical issues - Offers strategies for improving human life, and has an edge over theories that are simply intellectually satisfying. |
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Applied Research |
- Conducted to solve practical problems |
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Basic Research |
- Research conducted for the purpose of furthering theory and scientific knowledge |
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Comprehensiveness |
-The ability of a theory to explain a broad variety of observations. Explains a broad range of behavior. - If a theory tends to try and explain too much, its concepts appear fuzzy and ill defined so that the theory cant be tested adequately. |
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Parsimony |
- Theories that are parsiomonious and have heuristic value are preffered. - A parsimonious theory is one that does not propose an excessive number of narrow constructs or propositions if a smaller number of broad constructs could explain the phenomena under consideration |
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Heuristic Value |
- Ability of a theory to suggest new ideas for further theory and research - |
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Reliability measures |
- Test/ retest reliability - Alternate forms reliability - Split half reliability |
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Test- retest reliability |
- Testing the same subjects on two occasions and calculating the extent to which the two scores agree |
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Split half reliability |
- Calculating subscores based on the two halves of the questionnaire |
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Alternate form reliability |
- Giving different forms of questionnaire on each occasion. |
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Test validity |
- Desirable characteristics of a test, indicating it actually does measure what it is intended to measure. Types: Predictive, Construct |
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Predictive Validity |
- Established if a test predicts a behavior that the researcher accepts as a criterion for a construct being measured. ex: if a test of assertiveness predicts the number of times a person initiated conversation. |
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Construct Validity |
-Usefulness of a theoretical term, evidenced by an accumulation of research findings |
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Correlational Research |
- Measures two or more variables to study how they are related. ex: Number of tv hours watched, and aggressivness |
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Experimental Research |
- Cause effect relationships are put into a direct test. - Independent variable + Experimental group+ Control group + Dependent variable |
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Case study |
- An intensive investigation of an individual. - EX: Clincian may describe an individual client or an educational psychologist may describe a certain child. - Case studies are called psychobiographies |
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Physochobiographies |
- Application of a personality theory to the study of an individuals life; different from a case study because of its theoretical emphasis. |
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Levels of consciousness |
- Conscious - Preconscious - Unconscious |
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Conscious |
- Refers to experiences in which a person is aware, including memories and intentional actions. |
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Preconscious |
- Some material that is not in awareness at a particular time can be brought to awareness readily. - Includes info that not at the moment being thought about but can be easily remembered if needed ex: your mothers middle name |
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Unconscious |
- Contents do not move readily into consciousness. - Refers to the mental process of which a person is not aware. Some material remains in the unconscious because moving into the conscious would produce too much anxiety. ex: forgotten traumatic memories, denied wishes. |
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Measuring the level of consciousness |
Free Association, Dream analysis, Fantasy and day dreams, fruedian slips |
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Components of personality |
ID, ego, Superego |
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ID |
- Contains instinctive drives and is the only personality component present at birth - Most primitive structure of personality, and unconscious source of biological drives - ID is the source of psychic energy, called libido |
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Ego |
- Mediates intrapsychic conflcit and copes with the external world - Mental health requires a strong ego - Ego uses defense mechanisms to adapt to reality, if ego breaks down altogether a psychotic episode occurs. |
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Superego |
- Internal representative of the rules and restrictions of family and society. - Develops at young age and creates an immature and rigid form of morality. |
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Defense Mechanisms |
-Ego strategies that cope with unconscious conflict. - Denial, a primitive defense in which an individual does not acknowledge some painful or anxiety provoking aspect of reality or of the self. ex: A person may deny smoking leads to health problems, despite clear evidence Reaction formation, an unacceptable impulse is repressed and its opposite is developed in an exaggerated form. ex: A child who hates a younger sister may repress it and instead believe she loves the sister. I hate sister (unconscious)----> I love sister (conscious) |
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5 Stages of Psychosexual Development |
-Oral stage - Anal Stage - Phalic - Latency - Genital |
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Different parts of psychoanalytic therapy |
- Free association - Insight - Catharsis - Transference - Countertransference |
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Free association |
- Patient says whatever comes to mind, permitting unconscious connections to be discovered |
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Insight |
- Concscious recognition of ones motivation and unconscious conflicts |
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Catharsis |
Therapeutic effect of a release of emotion when previously repressed material is made conscious ex: fear and grief |
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Transferrence |
Patient develops a relationship with the therapist based on unconscious projections from early life. ex: female may fall in love with her analyst because of the relationship she had with her father earlier in life |
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Counter transferrence |
Analysts reaction to the patient, as distorted by unresolved conflicts |
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psyche |
- Personality was referred to jung as PSYCHE - Suggested integration of all aspect of personality |
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Self |
- The total integrated personality |
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Ego |
- Aspect of personality that is most conscious - Ego is essential for feeling of personal identity - Ego inflation, overvaluation of ego consciousness without recognizing the limited role in the psyche. |
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Persona |
- A persons social identity - Aspect of personal identity that adapts to the world, shaped by the reactions we elicit in others. - Generally well established in young adulthood |
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Shadow |
- Refers to aspects of the psyche that are rejected from consciousness by the ego because they are inconsistent with ones self concept. |
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Anima/ Animus |
Anima is the part of femininity that is part of the unconscious of every man Animus is the part of masculinity that is in the unconscious of every woman. |
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Personal Unconscious |
Unconscious of each individual that is developed because of the persons unique experiences. Combined of the anima, animus, and shadow all together. |
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Collective unconscious |
- The inherited unconscious - Deeper level of unconscious, contains primordial images called archetypes, which function as psychic instincts |
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Archetypes |
- Primordial images in the collective unconscious an innate pattern that influences experiences in the real world - Have both an emotional, psychomatic component and a cognitive component associated with images and ideas and they influence behavior |
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Jungarian Therapy |
- Focused largely on dreams and symbolic material, word association test. jung did not emphasize on the past or childhood origins of psychological difficulty. regarded the unconscious as an ally rather than an enemy |
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3 dimension of personality |
- Introversion/ Extraversion - Thinking/feeling - Sensation/intuition |
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Dominant functions |
- A persons predominant psychological function |
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Auxillary function |
- The second most developed function of ones personality. |
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8 psychetypes |
- Intraverted thinking -Introverted feeling - Introverted sensation - Introveeted intuition - Extraverted thinking - Extraverted feeling -Extraverted sensation - Extraverted intutition |
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Introverted psychetypes |
Introverted Thinking- Concerned with ideas rather than facts interested in inner reality, pays little attention to others Introverted feeling- Superficially reserved, but sympathetic and understanding of close friends or others in need, loving, but not demonstrative -Introverted Sensation- Experiences that events trigger rather than events themselves
Introverted intuition- Possibilities rather than what is currently present in touch with the unconscious |
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Extraverted psychetypes |
Extraverted thinking- Facts about subjects external to the self, logical represses emotion and feelings neglects friends and relationships Extraverted Feeling- Concerned with human relationships, adjusted to the environment especially frequent among women Extraverted sensation- Emphasizes objects that trigger experience, concerned with facts and details Extraverted Intuition- Concerned with possibilities for change in the external world rather than with the familiar. |
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Goal Of Adlers theory |
The never ending effort to move toward a better life |
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Inferiority complex |
Being overcome by a feeling of lack of worth. The basic human motivation is to strive from a felt minus toward a plus situation. |
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Organ inferiority |
Inherited inferiorities enhance the normal feeling of weakness and helplessness. A person with weak limbs would consider his legs inferior. |
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Aggressive drive |
Struggle toward the felt plus may take the form of fighting and cruelty or it may be expressed in a more socialized form such as athletic competition other striving for dominance. |
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Maculine protest |
Traits such as aggressiveness and activity are seen as maculine, where submissiveness is seen as feminine. |
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Superiority Striving |
Effort to achieve ones own personal bests |
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Inferiority complex |
Stagnation of growth that seems too immense to overcome. such as physical disabilities, mental disabilites. |
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Superiority complex |
Neurotic belief that one is better than others. May often behave arrogantly, exaggerate their achievements etc. |
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Importance of Parent Child relationships |
Mother influences the childs development of social feeling, the cooperative attitude that distinguishes healthy from unhealthy styles of life. Fathers influences the child to think about power and its selfish or socially responsible expression |
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Styles of Life |
Ruling Getting Avoiding Socially useful |
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Ruling type |
Seeks to dominate others. May be seen as sadists, tyranists |
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Getting type |
Lean on others. Dependent, adopt a passive rather than active attitude toward life and may become depressed. |
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Avoiding Type |
Try not to deal with problems Tends to be isolated and may strike others as cold |
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Socially useful type |
Adaptive, Acts in ways that are beneficial to others. A personality that is well adjusted, artists and poets, teach people how to see think and feel. |
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Family constellation |
Configuration of family members including the number and birth order of siblings |
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First born |
Begins with full attention... and is often pampered or spoiled. once other children arrive they may take a parental role |
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Second born |
may feel envious of their older sibling, experiencing a dominate note of being slighted, neglected, often makes the child rebellious |
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Youngest children |
Often become problem children, lacks incentive to develop independence |
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Only children |
Never competes with siblings, so they are often pampered... develop a strong mother complex. has a unrealistic sense of self worth |
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how do we achieve psychological health |
Work, love, social interaction |
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Eriksons Theory |
Individuals differ in ego strengths, males differ in personality because of biological differences. A strong ego is key to mental health it comes from a good resolution of eight stage s Unconcious is an important force of personality Society shapes way in which people develop Biological factors determine personality |
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Stages of Psychosocial Development |
Trust v mistrust Autonomy vs shame Initiative vs Guilt Industry v Inferiority Identity v Identity diffusion Intimacy vs isolation Generativity vs despair |
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Identity acheiver |
Individual has experienced a crisis and has come through it with a commitment to an occupation and or ideology. Clear, consistent personality, productive |
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Mortatorium |
Period when the adolescent is free to explore various possible adult roles without the obligations that will come with real adulthood.q |
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Identity diffusion |
Least developed status Unpredicatable, reluctant to act |
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Identity foreclosure |
Occurs if commitment is made too quickly without adequate exploration conventional, moralistic |
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Correlates of stage measures |
Ego integrity, Generativity, Intimacy, Identity |
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Basic Anxiety and Hostility |
m |
