Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Behavior
|
any activity of an organism that can be directly or indirectly observed
|
|
|
Learning
|
RELATIVELY permanent change in behavior resulting from some type of experience
|
|
|
Plato
|
Everything is inborn
"resides in the soul" need inner reflection nativist (NATURE) |
|
|
Aristotle
|
Empiricist (persons characteristics are LEARNED, NUTURE)
|
|
|
The Four Laws of Association
|
Law of Similarity
Law of Contrast Law of Contiguity Law of Frequency |
|
|
Law of Similarity
|
Similar events are readily associated
|
|
|
Law of Contrast
|
Events that are opposition are readily associated
|
|
|
Law of Contiguity
|
Events occurring together in time/space become associated
ex) thunder and lightening |
|
|
Law of Frequency
|
Events that repeatedly occur together are associated
ex) flashcards |
|
|
Descartes quote
|
"I think therefore I am"
|
|
|
Mind- Body Dualism (Descartes)
|
Body- reflexes, automatically elicited by external stimulation
Mind- contains "free will" - Body behaviors could be investigated scientifically |
|
|
John Locke perspective
|
British Empiricist; almost all knowledge is a function of experience
|
|
|
According to Locke, a newborn's mind is a _________.
|
blank slate (tabula rasa)
- the environmental experiences are "written" on it - The mind is composed of a finite set of basic elements (colors, sounds, smells, etc) |
|
|
Two important structuralists
|
Wundt and Titchner
|
|
|
Structuralism
|
scientific method to investigate empiricists claims
determine the structure of the mind by identifying its basic elements |
|
|
Introspection
|
describe conscious thoughts, emotions, sensory experiences (not currently being used)
|
|
|
Introspection
|
describe conscious thoughts, emotions, sensory experiences (not currently being used)
|
|
|
Important Functionalist
|
William James
|
|
|
Functionalism
|
mind evolved to help us adapt to the world
Study adaptive processes of the mind |
|
|
What is functionalism derived from?
|
Darwins Theory of evolution
|
|
|
Darwins Theory of evolution
|
Humans evolved from other animals
Learn from other animals and relate to human behavior- comparative psychology |
|
|
Important Behaviorist
|
Watson
|
|
|
Principles of Behaviorism
|
introspection is inadequate
study environmental influences on directly observable behavior |
|
|
Law of Parsimony
|
(Behaviorism) simpler explanations are better than more complex ones
|
|
|
Morgan's Canon
|
(Behaviorism) interpret behavior in terms of primitive processes rather than mentalistic (decision making, imagining) processes
|
|
|
What are the 5 schools of Behaviorism
|
Methodological Behaviorism, Neobehaviorism, Cognitive Behaviorism, Social Learning, Radical Behaviorism
|
|
|
Metodological Behaviorism
|
Should study only behaviors that are directly observable
One of the most extreme version of behaviorism Stimulus- Response Theory (S-R Theory) Challenged the idea that abilities are largely inherited |
|
|
Important neobehaviorist
|
Hull
|
|
|
Neobehaviorism
|
Intervening variables can help explain behavior
unobservable events do exist - physiological processes (hunger, fatigue) |
|
|
Important Cognitive Behaviorist
|
Tolman
|
|
|
Cognitive Behaviorism
|
believed in intervening variables
preferred a molar/broader or holistic approach to behavior (aka Gestalt) Cognitive Map (mental representation of ones spacial surroundings) Latent Learning |
|
|
Important person with Social Learning
|
Bandura
|
|
|
Social Learning
|
Observational learning and cognitive variables help explain behavior
reciprocal determinism Cognitive Behavioral Theory |
|
|
Cognitive Behaviorist Theory
|
altering something in the environment
ex) exposure to phobia |
|
|
Important Radical Behaviorist
|
Skinner
|
|
|
Radical Behaviorism
|
rejects internal events as explanations for behavior
emphasizes the influence of environment on observable/overt behavior thoughts and feelings are behaviors that themselves should be explained Behavior analysis |
|
|
Behavior analysis
|
type of behavior in which basic principles of behavior apply to the real world
ex) autism |
|
|
Example of Social Learning Behavior
|
BOBO DOLL: watch adult beat up doll, by observing certain acts, we learn to imitate
|
|
|
Reasons Skinner rejects internal events
|
1. unreliable
2. relationships between thoughts, feelings, and behavior are difficult to determine 3. taking about feelings/thoughts does not get us anywhere-must change the environment to affect behavior. An example of this would be smoking or drinking..do not go to places that trigger that behavior |
|
|
Cognitive approach to learning
|
information is encoded, transformed, stored, and retrieved
- internal representation of information |
|
|
Neuropsychological approach to learning
|
underlying biological basis
nervous system changes during learning encoding and retrieval tasks using brain scanning techniques |
|
|
The most effective learning occurs under the following conditions:
|
-practicing a well- defined task with the appropriate difficulty level
- receiving informative feedback - having opportunity to repeat - having opportunities for corrections of errors |
|
|
The amount that a student engages in deliberate practice is ______ (direction) related to improvements in performance
|
positive
|
|
|
What is essential to deliberate practice
|
concentration
|
|
|
What time is best for using cognitive abilities?
|
the morning time
|
|
|
Innate Ability
|
Research has reported no innate capacity or characteristics in expert performers
|
