Psychology Language Ch. 7

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Language

Back 1

A system for communicating with others using signals that convey meaning and are combined according to the rule of grammar

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Phoneme

Back 2

The smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than a random noise

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Morphemes

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The smallest meaningful units of language. Combination of Phonemes

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Grammar

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A set of rules that specifies how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages

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Deep structure

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The meaning of a sentence

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Surface structure

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How is a sentence is worded

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At every stage of development...

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Childrens passive mastery (ability to understand language) develops faster than their active mastery (ability to speak)

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Fast mapping

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The fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure

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Overgeneralize

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Example: Run becomes runned instead of ran. Proves children aren't imitating to learn speech.

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Telegraphic speech

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Two word sentences muttered by children starting around 24 months

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Nativist theory

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The view that language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity

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Language acquisition device

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A collection of processes that facilitate language learning

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Genetic dysphasia

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A syndrome characteristic by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having an otherwise normal intelligence

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According to the nativist view..

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Children learn the grammatical rules of human language with ease because they are "wired" to do so.
Once puberty is reached, acquiring language becomes more difficult (illegal immigrants parents vs Children)

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Interactionist view..

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Parents have a lot to do with Childs development, they speak slower, enunciate clearly..
- Study of nicuragaun children and sign language..

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Brocas area

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Located in the left frontal cortex and involved in language production of sequential patterns in vocal and sign languages

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Wernickes area

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Located in the left temporal cortex, involved in language comprehension (whether spoken or sign)

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Aphasia

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Difficulty in producing or comprehending language..caused by damage to Wernickes area or Brocas area

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Concept

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A mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features or related objects, events or other stimuli.

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Category-specific deficit

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A neurological sydrome that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category while leaving the ability to recognize objects outside the category undisturbed. Caused sometime by brain trauma after birth

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Category specific deficit brain injuries

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- Usually result when an trauma to left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
damge to the front part of the left temporal lobe results in difficulty identifying people
Damge to the lower left temporal lobe impairs ability to identify animals
Damage to the region where the temporal and occipital lobe meet impairs ability to name tools

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Family resemblance theory

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Members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member.

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Prototype

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The "best" or "most typical member" of a category

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Prototype theory example

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When your prototypical bird is a robin, a canary would be considered a better example of a bird than an ostrich because a canary has more similar features to a robin

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Exemplar theory

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Theory of categorization that argues that we makes category judgements by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category. (walking in the woods and seeing a four legged animal in the corner of your eye, assume its a dog because it looks like a dog you know...instead of panicking and thinking its a wolf)

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Rational choice theory

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The classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, the multiplying the two

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Ratio IQ

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Obtained by dividing mental age by physical age and then multiplying by 100

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Deviation IQ

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Obtained by dividing a persons test score by the average test score of people in the same age group and multiplying it by 100.

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Prospect theory

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Proposes that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses but avoid risks when evaluating potential gains

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Intelligence

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A hypothetical mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances and learn from experience.

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Cognitive Dissonance

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The state of tension that occurs when a person holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent or when a person’s belief is incongruent with his behavior.

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Confirmation bias

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The tendency to pay attention only to information that confirms one’s beliefs

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Hindsight bias

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The tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known
You are less likely to learn for decisions in the future

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What is the most widely used IQ test today?

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Stanford-Benet and WAIS

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Factor analysis

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A statistical technique that explains a large number of correlations in terms a small number of underlying factors

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Two-factor theory of intelligence

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Spearmans theory suggestign that every task requires a combination of a general ability(g) and skills that are specific to the task(s)

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Fluid intelligence

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The ability to process information

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Crystalized intelligence

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The accuracy and amount of info available for processing

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Prodigy

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A person of normal intelligence who has an extraordinary ability

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Savant

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A person of low intelligence who has an extraordinary ability

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Sir Francis Galton

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Studied the physical and psychological traits that appeared to run in families. Wrote a book called Hereditary Genius

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Identical twins

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(Also called monozygotic twins) Twins who develop from the splitting of single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm

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Fraternal twins

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(Called dizygotic twins) Twins who develop from 2 different eggs that were fertilized by 2 different sperm

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Heritability coefficient

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A statistic (known as h^2) that describes the proportion of the difference between people's scores that can be explained by differences in their genetic makeup

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Flynn effect

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Refers to the accidental discovery by James flynn that the average intelligence has been rising about .3% every year

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Genetic is a synonym for ____

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Unchangeable

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Pattern for Children in language development..

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Distinguishing speach sounds, followed by babbling, followed by understanding and using single words and finally attaining adult mastery

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Heritability coefficient

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Describes the extent to which differences in the intelligence test scores of different people are due to differences in their genes. DOES NOT describe the extent to which an individuals intelligence is inherited.