Psychology Ch.8-Thinking, Intelligence, And Language

Front 1

Cognition

Back 1

The way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.

Front 2

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Back 2

A scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people.

Front 3

Thinking

Back 3

The mental process of manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively.

Front 4

Concept

Back 4

A mental category that is used to group object, events and characteristics.

Front 5

Prototype model

Back 5

A model emphasizing that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a "family resemblance" with that items properties.

Front 6

Problem solving

Back 6

The mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available.

Front 7

Subgoals

Back 7

Intermediate goals or intermediate problems that put us in a better position for reaching the final goal or solution

Front 8

Algorithms

Back 8

Strategies-including formulas, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutions that guarantee a solution to a problem.

Front 9

Heuristics

Back 9

Shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer.

Front 10

Fixation

Back 10

Using a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a fresh new perspective.

Front 11

Functional Fixedness

Back 11

Failing to solve a problem as a result of fixation on a things usual functions.

Front 12

Reasoning

Back 12

The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions

Front 13

inductive Reasoning

Back 13

Reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations.

Front 14

Deductive reasoning

Back 14

Reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance.

Front 15

Decision Making

Back 15

The mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them.

Front 16

Confirmation Bias

Back 16

The tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them.

Front 17

Hindsight Bias

Back 17

The tendency to report falsely after the fact that we accurately predicted an outcome.

Front 18

Availability Heuristic

Back 18

A prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events.

Front 19

Base Rate Fallacy

Back 19

The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information.

Front 20

Representativeness Heuristic

Back 20

The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate and information.

Front 21

Mindfulness

Back 21

The state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities.

Front 22

Open-Mindedness

Back 22

The state of being receptive to other ways of looking at things.

Front 23

Creativity

Back 23

The ability to think about something in novel and unusual way and to devise unconventional solutions to problems.

Front 24

Divergent Thinking

Back 24

Thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem.

Front 25

Convergent thinking

Back 25

Thinking that produces the single best solution to a problem.

Front 26

Intelligence

Back 26

All-Purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.

Front 27

Validity

Back 27

To extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.

Front 28

Reliability

Back 28

The extent to which a test yields a consistent,reproducible measure of performance.

Front 29

Standardization

Back 29

The development of uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test and the creation of norms (performance standards) for the test.

Front 30

Mental Age (MA)

Back 30

An individuals level of mental development relative to that of others.

Front 31

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Back 31

An individuals mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100

Front 32

Normal Distribution

Back 32

A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve, with a majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range

Front 33

Culture Fair Tests

Back 33

Intelligence tests that are intended to culturally unbiased.

Front 34

Heritability

Back 34

The proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained b differences in the genes of the group's members.

Front 35

Gifted

Back 35

Possessing high intelligence and/ or superior talent in a particular area.

Front 36

Intellectual Disability

Back 36

A Condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.

Front 37

Triarchic Theory Of Intelligence

Back 37

Sternberg's theory that intelligence comes in three forms: Analytical, creative, and practical.

Front 38

Language

Back 38

A form of communication

Front 39

Infinite Generativity

Back 39

The ability of language to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences

Front 40

Phonology

Back 40

A languages sound system.

Front 41

Morphologhy

Back 41

A languages rules for word formation

Front 42

Syntax

Back 42

A languages rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences

Front 43

Semantics

Back 43

The meaning of words and sentences in a particular language

Front 44

Pragmatics

Back 44

The useful character of language and the ability of language to communicate even more meaning than is said.

Front 45

Cognitive Appraisal

Back 45

Individuals interpretation of the events in their lives as harmful, threatening or challenging.

Front 46

Coping

Back 46

Managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress.

Front 47

Cognitive reappraisal

Back 47

Regulating one's feelings about an experience by reinterpreting that experience or thinking about it in a different way or from a different angle.