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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Out of what 2 disciplines did psychology develop?
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Philosophy
Biology (Physiology) |
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Rene Descartes: What were his 4 major influences to scientific psychology?
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1. Skepticism
2. Human defined by thinking 3. Body as a machine 4. Mind & Body both exist and interact |
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What is the mind-body problem?
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How can two different realms of existence (physical and meta-physical) interact
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What is empiricism?
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Knowledge comes from experience through senses
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What is Physiology?
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How parts of the body function
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Where and when did scientific psychology begin?
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1879
Germany's University of 1879 |
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Wilhelm Wundt: founder of psychology. What did he study?
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He was seeking to measure "atoms of mind"
How long it takes to respond to a dropping ball. Perhaps structuralism? |
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What is Introspection?
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observation or examination of one's own mental and emotional state, mental processes, etc.; the act of looking within oneself.
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What is Functionalism?
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Focused on how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
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What were the 2 influences on its development in the US?
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Darwinism
Nature-nurture Natural Selection |
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What did Behaviorists think psychology should and should not study? why?
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Study behavior without reference to mental process. Observable behavior
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How did WWII influence the growth of clinical psychology in the US?
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Post traumatic Stress Disorder was happening and clinical psychology had to grow.
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What is basic research?
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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
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What is applied research?
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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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Nature vs. Nurture
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People that are born with ability and people that are trained into one
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What is natural selection
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of all things, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding gernerations
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What are the three main levels of analysis?
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Biological influence
Psychological Social |
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What is the focus of each of these perspectives? (biopsychosocial)
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Bio - genetic predispositions, genetic mutations, genes responding to environment
Psych - learned fear and behaviors, emotional responses, cognitive processing Social - Presence of others, cultural and functional expectations, peer and other group influences |
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Neuroscience
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How body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experience
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Evolutionary psych.
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How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes
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Behavior genetics
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How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
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Psychodynamic
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How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
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Behavior psych.
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How we learn observable responses
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Cognitive Psych.
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How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
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Social-cultural psych.
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How behaviors and thinking vary across situations and cultures
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What are the differences among clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and psychoanalysts?
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Clinical - assesses and treats people with psychological disorders.
Psychiatrists - provide psychotherepy, are medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders Psychoanalysts - Psychologist that uses psycho dynamic ways. Freudians. |
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What are the most efficient ways to study?
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SQ3R
Survey Question Read Review Reflect |
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What is hindsight bias?
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Tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
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What is overconfidence?
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the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements
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What are variables?
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Things that can be changed.
Independent & dependent |
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Operational Definition
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A statement of the procedures used to define research variables.
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what does a theory do and how are they tested?
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it predicts observations with an integrated set of principles. They are tested by setting a hypothesis, and doing an experiment
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What is a hypothesis?
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a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
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What is case study?
Disadavantages Advantages |
observation technology in which 1 person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principal (for select population)
Advantages - gives full picture of a person. Can use for unusual cases. Can use to disprove general statements Disadvantages - May not be the representative of the population. Highly subjective. Poor memories of the person and others |
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What is naturalistic study?
Disadvantages Advantages |
Observing and recording behavior in naturally-occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Adavantages - coming up with new ideas. Coming up with descriptive data. See if lab results apply to natural settings. Disadvantages - difficult to determine which variables are important. Difficult not to intervene. |
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What is Survey?
Disadvantages Advantages |
a technique for ascertaining the self - reported attitudes or behaviors usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them
Advantages - can get a lot of information fast. Can track changes in responses over time. Can make predictions that are valid within certain limits Disadvantages - self reports can be unreliable (memory loss, wishful thinking, don't know how they would act, intentional deception) cannot validly draw cause and effect conclusions. |
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What is False consensus effect?
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The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.
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What is a population?
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All the cases in a group
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What is random sample?
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A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
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What is correlation?
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A statistical measure of relationship
(further away from 0, stronger the correlation and better predictive power.) correlation doesn't prove causation. It indicates possiblity |
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What are illusory correlations?
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The perception of a relationship where none exists.
(superstition) |
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What is a scatterplot?
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A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables.
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What is an independent variable?
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the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
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What is dependent variable?
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The outcome factor; the variable that may change in reponse to manipulations of the independent variable.
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What is experimental condition?
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The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
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What is control condition?
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The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
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What is placebo effect?
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Results caused by self expectation.
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What is Placebo?
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Inert substitute that has medicinal value because of a person's belief in the drug
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What is an experimentor bias?
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Researcher's expectation affect outcome.
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What is a double-blind study?
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Study where both participants and the research staff are blinded about whether the participants received the treatment or the placebo.
Advantage - can validly draw cause and effect conclusions. Disadvantage - often expensive, time consuming, and can be artificial |
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What is statiscal significane?
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A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.
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What is a peer-reviews journal?
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A periodical that uses researchers to judge whether another researcher's work is worth publishing.
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What are 4 basic 1992 APA guidelines for research ethics?
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1. Participants must give their informed consent.
2. Investigators must protect participants from harm or discomfort. 3. Information about participants must be treated confidentially 4. The research should be explained to the participants afterward. |
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What percentage of psychological research uses animals as subjects?
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7%
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