Psychology Gender - Gender Dysphoria

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Dixson

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Animal study which showed that high exposure to androgens lead to females showing more masculine traits, suggesting a relationship between the two factors

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Dixson evaluation

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Animals study have merit as they use animals which are biologically simualr to humans, thus the results can be extrpolated to some extent. However humans show a greater level of complexitiy in terms of thought processes, for example the use of morality which limits generalisablity.

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Dutch Study

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Boys who's mothers had been exposed to dioxins - a substance which promotes osetrogen - were more feminine in terms of play.

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Zhou et al

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Looked at BSTc which is normally larger in males that in females. Studied 6 transvestites and found that they all had female sized BSTc which suggests hormonal abnormalities may have affected thier biological development.

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Zhou evaluation

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Very small sample size which means the ecological valdiity is lowered.
The is no causation from a correlation ie it could be that more feminised thoughts changes the brain structure and not the other way around.

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Zucker

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Link between left handedness and gender dysphoria. Compared 205 boys with gender dysphoria with 205 controls and found that 19.5% of dysphoria boys were left handed whereas only 8.3% of control group were. Left handedness may act as behavioural marker for increased vunerability ofr gender dysphoria.

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Yeo and Gangestad

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Left handed individuals were more likely to have lower birth weights which is a sign of prenatal stress. Therefore this could be the cause of the difference.

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Yeo and Gangestad evaluation

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Currently only an explianation for differences in males and therefore fails to explain the cause of the condition in females
GID 5x higher in males showing a gender bais in the conditon.

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Zucker and Green

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Believe differences in prevalence can be explained using biology as males show a greater biological vunerability to changes in the uterus

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Zucker and Green

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it has also been found that society has a role in GID level in malesl. For example it is less acceptable for boys to be femine compared to girls who are masculine, hence paretns are moire likely to report thier sons behaviour to a doctor. Fewer females have been reported with the condition, hence the data is skewed.

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Coats and Person

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Seperation anxiety may be the cause of male GID as the feminine behaviours are an attempt to resotre the fantsy ties which exist between themselves and their mother, in both an emotional and physical manner.
Studied 25 boys and found that 15 met the criteria for experiencing seperation anxiety.

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Lowery and Zucker

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Found that 55% of a sample of 29 boys met the criteria which increases the external reliablity of the study.

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Green - Case Studies

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15% of boys in a sample of case studied which was looking at individuals with GID have been dressed up as girls by their mothers, and the mothers have reinforced this behaviour by saying they are cute.

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Case Study evaluation

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Provided detailed evidence.
Likely to be bias by the researcher who will have formed a strong bond with the individuals they are studying.
Not generalisable to the whole population due to their specific nature.

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Stoller

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Boys with more feminine features were more likely to have GID as the apperance acted as a social cue and lead to mothers feminising their sons.

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Evaluation- role of parents

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Androsentric - blames the mothers for the condition of their childrne which takes away the individuals free will making them feel worthless.

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Cole et al

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Studied an sample of 435 individuals and found that they had the same amounbt of psychatric conditions as non GID indvidiauls which suggests that psychological tramua plays no role of development of GID.

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Bower

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concluded that GID was a result of a biological vunerablity which acts a predispostition for psychological stress.