Gender

Front 1

Eccles et al

Back 1

Reported that children were encouraged by their parents to play with gender-typical toys.

Front 2

Renzetti and Curran

Back 2

Found that teachers gave reinforcement such as praising clever boys and neat girls.

Front 3

Bem's sex role inventory

Back 3

She made a self report measure of femininity, masculinity, androgyny and undifferentiated gender.

Front 4

Serbin

Back 4

Found that androgyny is associated with positive mental health.

Front 5

David Reimer

Back 5

The environment did not affect his biological gender. This supports nature > nurture.

Front 6

Dabbs et al

Back 6

Found that in prisons, men with the highest testosterone levels tended to commit more violent crimes.

Front 7

Tricker et al

Back 7

43 males were given a weekly injection of testosterone or a placebo and no significant differences in aggression were found.

Front 8

Prince et al

Back 8

Found that females with Turners syndrome have a shorter than average lifespan.

Front 9

Simpson et al

Back 9

Found that testosterone supplements and counselling successfully treated patients with Klinefelter's syndrome who had behavioural and language difficulties.

Front 10

Kohlberg

Back 10

Gender identity -2 years

Gender stability -4 years

Gender consistency -6 years

Front 11

Slaby and Frey

Back 11

Found that children with high gender consistency were more likely to observe their samesex model than when they had low gender consistency.

Front 12

Martin and Halverson

Back 12

Once a child has established gender identity at 2-3 they start to search the environment for information that encourages the development of a gender schema.

+Children under the age of six were more likely to remember images of gender consistent behaviour.

Front 13

Boston and Levy

Back 13

Children are better at sequencing the activities that correspond stereotypically to their own gender so they use the association of in groups.

Front 14

Smith and Lloyd

Back 14

Babies were dressed half time in boys clothing and half in females and boys were given hammer shaped rattles by adults and girls were given dolls and called pretty.

Front 15

Margaret Mead

Back 15

Found that gender roles are culturally determined and there is not a direct biological relationship between sex and gender.

Front 16

Buss

Back 16

Found consistent mate preferences.

Front 17

Freeman

Back 17

Said that Mead was misled by the participants.