Psychology Final

Front 1

Useful mental shortcuts or rules of thumb

Back 1

Heuristics

Front 2

Like goes with like

Back 2

Representativeness

Front 3

How common a characteristics or behavior in a general population

Back 3

Base rate

Front 4

Estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our minds

Back 4

Availability

Front 5

Tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted known outcomes

Back 5

Hindsight bias

Front 6

Tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions

Back 6

Overconfidence

Front 7

Watching behavior in real-word settings

Back 7

Naturalistic Observation

Front 8

Extent to which we can generalize our finding to the real world

Back 8

External Validity

Front 9

Extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences

Back 9

Internal Validity

Front 10

Demonstrations that a given psychological phenomenon can occur

Back 10

Existence Proofs

Front 11

Research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated

Back 11

Correlation Design

Front 12

Perception of a statistical association where none exists

Back 12

Illusory Correlation

Front 13

Research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable

Back 13

Experiment

Front 14

Randomly sorting participants into two groups

Back 14

Random Assignment

Front 15

In an experiment, the group participants that doesn't receive the manipulation

Back 15

Control Group

Front 16

Variable that an experimenter manipulates

Back 16

Independent Variable

Front 17

Variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect

Back 17

Dependent Variable

Front 18

Any difference between the experimental and control groups, other than the independent variable; makes independent variable effects uninterpretable

Back 18

Confounds

Front 19

possible to infer, with random assignment and manipulation of independent variable

Back 19

Cause and effect

Front 20

improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement

Back 20

Placebo effect

Front 21

harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm (e.g., voodoo doll phenomenon)

Back 21

Nocebo Effect

Front 22

Phenomenon in which researchers’ hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias a study outcome

Back 22

Experimenter Expectancy Effect

Front 23

Neither researchers nor subjects know who is in the experimental or control group

Back 23

Double-blind design

Front 24

Phenomenon in which participants’ knowledge that they’re being studied can affect their behavior

Back 24

Hawthorne Effect

Front 25

cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher’s hypotheses

Back 25

Demand Characteristics

Front 26

extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure

Back 26

Validity

Front 27

Questionnaires assessing a variety of characteristics (e.g., interests, personality traits)

Back 27

Self-report Measures

Front 28

tendencies of research subjects to distort their responses

Back 28

Response sets

Front 29

tendency of ratings of one positive characteristic to spill over to influence the ratings of other positive characteristics

Back 29

Halo effect

Front 30

tendency of raters to provide ratings that are overly generous

Back 30

Leniency effect

Front 31

an unwillingness to provide extreme ratings (low or high)

Back 31

Error of central tendency

Front 32

Informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate

Back 32

Informed Consent

Front 33

numerical characteristics of the nature of the data set

Back 33

Descriptive statistics

Front 34

Where the group tends to cluster

Back 34

Central Tendency

Front 35

sense of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are

Back 35

Dispersion

Front 36

exaggerating the central message of the study

Back 36

Sharpening

Front 37

Minimizing the less-central details

Back 37

Leveling

Front 38

Appearance of scientific controversy where none exists while purporting to provide "balanced coverage"

Back 38

Pseudosymmetry