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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many people report feeling stressed?
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4 out of 10
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Stressor
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stimulus that causes stress
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Stress Reaction
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emotional and physical responses
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Stress
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the process by which we percieve and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
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Stress can...
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- mobilize the immune system from fending off infections and healing wounds
- arouses and motivates us to conquer problems - harm us by raising the risk of chronic disease |
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Walter Cannon
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confirmed that stress reponse is part of a unified mind-body system
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Stress reponse system
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extreme cold, lack of oxygen, nad emotion-arousing incidents triggers outpouring of stress hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal glands
Prepares the body for fight or flight |
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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increases heart rate, respiration, diverts blood from digestion to skeletal muscles, dull pains, and releases sugar and fat from body stores
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Alternative to fight or flight
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withdraw: pull back, conserve energy
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General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)
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Seyle's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages:
1.) Alarm 2.) Resistance 3.) Exhaustion |
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Alarm
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sudden activation of the sympathetic nervous system: heart rate increases, blood diverted to skeletal muscles, faintness of shock
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Shrunken Hippocampus is caused by...
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sustained child abuse, combat, or an endocrine disease
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Stressful Life Events
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Catastrophes: unpredictable large-scale events that nearly everyone appraises as threatening
b. Significant life changes: Life transitions and insecurities: commonly felt during young adulthood Daily hassles: Negative events, daily annoyances, cell-phone talkers |
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Coronary Heart Disease
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the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
caused by elevated blood pressure (smoking, obesity, high fat diet, physical inactivity, behavioral and psychological factors) |
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Type A
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Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
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Type B
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Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people
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Pessimist are more likely to ______ than optimists
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get heart disease
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Psychophysiological Illness
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“mind body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches. Distinct from hypochondriasis- misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.
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Lymphocytes
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two type of white blood cells that are a part of the body’s immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections: T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
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Macrophage
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identifies, pursues, and ingests harmful invaders
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Immunre system can fail by overreacting. What are somethings that can happen?
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attacking its own tissues causing arthritis or an allergic reaction; or it can be dormant and cause viruses or cancer cells to multiply
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Aids
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the number one immune disorder
an acquired immune deficiency syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
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Carcinogens
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the thing scientists put in rodents to test the cause of cancer
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People who suffer with Depression, helplessness, or bereavement for a long period of time are....
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more at risk for cancer
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T or F
5.5% more risk for colon cancer in the workplace |
True
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Does stress grow cancer or stimulate growth?
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It stimulates growth
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Rat and Saccharin
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sweetened water experiment paired with injections of a drug that suppresses immune functioning
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Coping
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alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral mehods
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Problem Focused Coping
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attempting to alleviate stress directly- by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor: feel a sense of control over the situation and the ability to change it
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Emotion-focused coping
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attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction: when we believe we can’t change a situation
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Uncontrollable threats trigger _________.
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the strongest stress response
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Who tends to decline faster and die sooner?
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Elderly residents who have little percieved control over their activities
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Losing control provokes ______.
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An outpouring of stress hormones
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T or F
People who have hope, live longer |
True
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Those who seek and utilize humor do what.
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They benifit
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Social Support
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feeling liked, affirmed, and encouraged by intimate friends
promotes not only happiness but also health |
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Can relationships be stressful?
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Yes
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What coping stratigies help with personal traumas
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Writing about in a diary
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Aerobic Exercise
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Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety
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Do people who excersize frequently feel happy?
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Yes they do
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What does excersizing do, besides relieving stress.
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Strengthens heart, increases blood flow, keeps blood vessels open, lowers blood pressure
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Biofeedback
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a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension
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Relaxation...what is it?
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breathing exercises and relaxing muscles
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Spirituality
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spiritual healing over antibiotics
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What was belonging to a religious collective associated with?
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A strong protective effect
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The risks of smoking
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12 minutes of life lost when you smoke
is a pediatriac disease stimulates central nervous system to release neurotransmitters that calm anxiety and irritability stimulates dopamine and opiod release |
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Meditation
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a relaxation reponse that decreases blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen consumption, and raises fingertip temperature
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Quitting smoking can...
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cause nicotine-withdrawl symptoms such as craving, insomnia, anxiety, and irritability
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Who is targeted to quit smoking
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Youth; it is not likely to start smoking in mid-adulthood
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Do you get better results when quitting smoking with a partner or group, or quitting solo?
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Quitting with a partner or group
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Fat
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an ideal form of stored body energy
a high calorie fuel reserve to carry the body through periods when food is scarce |
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What does obesity increase the risk of?
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of diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, and certain types of cancer
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Can being obese be socially toxic.
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Yes it can
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What are the determinants of body fat?
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the size and number of fat cells. An obese person’s cells will swell to two to three times the normal size, and divided to make more cells divide resulting in more cells
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What do protien leptins do?
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Tells the body it is full: good weight loss use
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Social Psychology
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the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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Attribution theory
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suggests how we explain someone’s behavior- by crediting either the situation or the person’s deposition
(either external or inernal situations) |
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Fundamental attribution error
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the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of personal disposition
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Dispotitional attribution
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Our side over another
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Situational attribution
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considers the possible reasons for the situation. Tends to look at the other side also
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Attitude
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feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
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What does strong social pressures weaken?
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the attitude-behavior connection
(ie: Democrats voted for the war despite their private reservations) |
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What do attitudes follow
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Behavior
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Foot in the door phenomenon
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the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
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What do moral actions strengthen
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Moral convictions
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Role-Playing
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when you adopt a new role you strive to follow the social prescriptions
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Cognitive dissonance
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Relief from tension theory: we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
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What is the correlation between dissonance and consistency?
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The more dissonance we feel, the more motivated we are to find consistency, such as changing our attitudes to help justify the act
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T or F
Behavior is contagious. |
True
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Chameleon effect
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we are natural mimics, copying other people’s expressions, postures, and voice tones
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Mood linkage
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sharing up and down moods: hearing someone read a neutral text in a mood sets the mood for the audience
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Conformity
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adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
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Normative Social Influence
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influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
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Informational social influence
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influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality
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Milgram experiement
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if you ask a person a question and they get it wrong, you have to shock them with 15 volts. Every question that is answered incorrectly, they are shocked more. The majority obeyed
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Social facilitation
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stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
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We become ________ when others observe us.
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Aroused
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Pool table example
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2 guys were playing pool, and people were observing them. The man who was doing good, did better while being observed, and the man doing bad, did worse while being observed
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Social Loafing
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the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
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If you feel less accountable in groups, what happens?
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You worry less about what people think
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Deindividuation
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the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
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Group Polarization
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the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
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Groupthink
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the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
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Social control (the power of situation) and personal control (the power of the individual)
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When feeling pressured we may do the opposite of what is expected
Minority influence: the power of one or two individuals to sway majorities |
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Prejudice
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an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
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Stereotype
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a generalized (sometimes accurate but often over generalized) belief about a group of people
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Discrimination
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unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members
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In-group
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“Us” – people with whom one shares a common identity
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Out group
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“Them” – those perceived as different or apart from one’s ingroup
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Ingroup bias
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the tendency to favor one’s own group
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Scapegoat theory
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the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
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Agression
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any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
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Just-world phenomemon
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the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
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Frustration-aggression principle
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the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression
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Conflict
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a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
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Social trap
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a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
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Mere-exposure effect
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the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking them
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Passionate Love
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an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
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Companionate Love
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the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
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Equity
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a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give it
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Self Disclosure
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revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
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Resistance
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Ready to fight the challenge. Tempature, blood pressure, and respiration remain high to outpouring of hormones
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Exhaustion
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Depleted adrenal horomone reserves iin the body. More vulnerable to illness or even collapse and death
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