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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nonassociative Learning |
Learning about a stimulus (ex, sight, sound, smell). |
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Associative Learning |
Learning about the relationship between two objects. |
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Observational Learning |
Learning by watching others behave (Albert Bandoa). |
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Nonassociative Learning |
Habituation- knowing environmental sounds or signals (plane noise)-decrease-not as alarming sensitization |
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Conditioning Fear |
-John B. Watson -Little Albert |
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Predictive Associations |
-Through conditioning *Process that connects environmental stimuli to behavior -Two types *Classical conditioning ~Stimulus predicts another stimulus *Operant conditioning ~Behavior leads to a certain outcome |
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Classical Conditioning |
-Generalization *Conditioned Response occurs for Conditioned Stimulus but also similar stimulus -Discrimination *Conditioned Response occurs for Conditioned Stimulus not not other stimuli -Extinction *Presenting Conditioned Stimulus w/o Unconditioned Stimulus = reduction in Conditioned Stimulus |
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Learned Expectancy |
-CR occurs b/c animal expects US to occur -CS must reliably predict the US, or the CR will stop occurring (extinction) |
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Classical Conditioning |
*Passive Process *Learns associations between 2 stimuli *Behavior is automatic |
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Operant Conditioning |
*Active Process *Learns associations between its behavior and resulting events *Operates on environment |
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How does Operant Conditioning work? |
*Consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future *Thorndike- Law of Effect |
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Reinforcement |
-B.F. Skinner |
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Reinforcer |
Stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated. |
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Shaping |
-Reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior -Primary vs. Secondary |
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Primary Shaping |
-Innately reinforcing stimulus -Food and water |
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Secondary Shaping |
-Things that serve as reinforcers but don't satisfy biological needs -Money |
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Positive Reinforcement |
-Add a desirable stimulus -getting a hug/paycheck |
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Negative Reinforcement |
-Remove an aversive stimulus -Hitting the snooze button |
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Continuous Reinforcement |
-Behavior is reinforced each time it occurrs |
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Partial Reinforcement |
-Behavior is reinforced intermittently -Ratio vs. Interval |
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Positive Punishment |
-Administer an aversive stimulus -Spanking, parking ticket |
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Negative Punishment |
-Withdraw a desirable stimulus -Time outs, revoked drivers license |
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Aversion Therapy |
-Aversive stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior -Goal is to reduce/eliminate behavior |
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Therapy for Phobias |
-Extinction -Systematic desensitization: gradual |
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Observational Learning |
*Modification of behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior *Bandura's Bobo Doll |
