Introduction To Psychology: Exam 2

Front 1

problem of other minds

Back 1

fundamental difficulties we have in perceiving the conscious of others

Front 2

mind/body problem

Back 2

how mind is related to the brain and body

Front 3

Dichotic listening

Back 3

task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented to each ear

Front 4

cocktail party phenomenon

Back 4

people tune in one message even while they filter out others near by

Front 5

mental control

Back 5

attempts to change conscious state of mind

Front 6

thought suppression

Back 6

conscious avoidance of thoughts

Front 7

rebound effect of thought suppression

Back 7

tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression

Front 8

ironic processes of mental control

Back 8

mental process that can produce ironic errors because monitoring errors can itself produce them

Front 9

dynamic unconscious

Back 9

active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the persons deepest inner struggle to control these forces

Front 10

cognitive unconscious

Back 10

provoking a person’s thoughts/behaviors even though they have never experienced it

Front 11

subliminal perception

Back 11

a thought or behavior that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consiously report perceiving

Front 12

altered state of consciousness

Back 12

Forms of experience that depart from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind

Front 13

electrooculography

Back 13

Instrument that measures eye movement

Front 14

somnambulism

Back 14

Sleepwalking

Front 15

manifest content

Back 15

A dreams apparent topic or superficial meaning

Front 16

latent content

Back 16

dreams true underlying meaning

Front 17

activation-synthesis model

Back 17

theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of activation that randomly occur during sleep

Front 18

balanced placebo design

Back 18

Study design in which behavior is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of a placibo

Front 19

harm reduction approach

Back 19

Response to high-risk behyaviors that focuses on reducing the harm such behaviors have on peoples lives

Front 20

hypnotic analgesia

Back 20

reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis

Front 21

Iconic Memory

Back 21

fast-decaying store of visual information

Front 22

Echoic Memory

Back 22

fast-decaying store of auditory information

Front 23

Rehersal

Back 23

Rehersing something in the short-term so it is stored in the long term

Front 24

Chunking

Back 24

combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short term memory

Front 25

Anterograde amnesia

Back 25

inability to transfer new information from the short term store into the long term store

Front 26

Retrograde Amnesia

Back 26

inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation

Front 27

Long Term Potentiation

Back 27

Process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection makin further communication easier

Front 28

NMDA receptor

Back 28

receptor site on the hippocampus that influences the flow of information between neurons by controlling the initiation of long-term potential

Front 29

Retrieval cue

Back 29

external information that helps bring stored information to mind

Front 30

encoding specificity principle

Back 30

idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded

Front 31

transfer-appropriate processing

Back 31

idea that the memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match

Front 32

Explicit memory

Back 32

act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experience

Front 33

Implicit memory

Back 33

influcence of past experiences on later behavior

Front 34

Procedural Memory

Back 34

gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or knowing how to do things

Front 35

Priming

Back 35

enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as the result of a recent exposure to the stimulus

Front 36

Semantic Memory

Back 36

network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

Front 37

Transience

Back 37

Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

Front 38

Retroactive interference

Back 38

Situations in which information learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier

Front 39

Proactive interference

Back 39

Situations in which information learned later impairs memory for information acquired later

Front 40

Blocking

Back 40

Failure to retrieve infomration that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

Front 41

Memory Misattribution

Back 41

Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

Front 42

Source Memory

Back 42

recall of when, where, and how infomration was acquired

Front 43

Flashbulb Memory

Back 43

Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

Front 44

What are the seven sins of memory?

Back 44

Transience, Bias, Absentmindedness, Blocking, Memory Misattribution, Suggestability, Persistence

Front 45

acquisition

Back 45

Phase of classical conditioning where US and CS are presented together

Front 46

second-order conditioning

Back 46

Conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS

Front 47

spontaneous recovery

Back 47

tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

Front 48

biological preparedness

Back 48

propensity for learning a particular kind of associations over others

Front 49

law of effect

Back 49

Principle that behaviors that are followed by a satisfying state of affairs tend to be repeated and those that produce an unpleasant state of affairs are less likely to be repeated

Front 50

over justification effect

Back 50

Circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior

Front 51

intermittent reinforcement

Back 51

The fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement

Front 52

shaping

Back 52

learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior

Front 53

latent learning

Back 53

condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future

Front 54

cognitive map

Back 54

Men

Front 55

diffusion chain

Back 55

mental representative of the physical features of the environment

Front 56

implicit learning

Back 56

Learning that takes place largely without awareness of the process or the products of information acquisition

Front 57

schedules of reinforcement

Back 57

Variable Ration>Fixed Ratio>Variable Interval>Fixed Interval