Psychology Exam 1

Front 1

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should rely on observations and experimentation
- idea of francis bacon and john Locke

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empiricism

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produced the 1st psychological experiment in 1879 in Germany

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Wilhelm Wundt

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this branch of psychology relies on introspection, it is unreliable because you have to trust the person's feelings; asks "how does this make you feel"
- wundt and titchener

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structuralism

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branch of psychology that asks when and why does something happen? - function of brain/ senses; focuses on how mental processes and behavioral processes function
- James and Washburn

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functionalism

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He developed the influential theory of personality

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Sigmund Freud

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this type of psychology is a response to freudian psychology, developed by Rogers and Maslow, emphasized growth potential of healthy people, and studied personality in hopes of reaching potential

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humanistic psychology

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this branch of psychology assists people with problems in living

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counseling psychology

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the branch of psychology studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

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clinical psychology

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this branch of medicine deals with psychological disorders and can perscribe medicines/ treatments

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psychiatry

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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes in an attempt to describe and explain human nature; psychological science that welcomes hunches and puts them to test

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psychology

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prescientific psychologist who asked: "how do sensations and perceptions form ideas?" - used logic and beliefs to come up with answers

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Buddha

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prescientific psychology idea that stated that the mind and emiotions were linked to the body

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Hebrew Scriptures

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two philosophers that created the controversy:
people born knkowing certain things vs. we don't know anything when we are born

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Descartes vs. Locke

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This philosopher stated that the mind is a blank slate; we learn everything through experience

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John Locke

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1/3 main levels of analysis that uses emotional responses, learned fears and learned expectations, and cognitive processing

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psychological influences

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1/3 main levels of analysis that uses genetic predisposition, genetic mutation, and natural selection

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biological influences

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1/3 main levels of analysis that focuses on the presence of others, peer pressure, family, and culture

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social-cultural influences

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the "I knew it all along phenomenon" the idea that we tenk to think, after learning about the outcome, that we would have forseen it

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hindsight bias

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we tend to think we know more than we actually do

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overconfidence

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curiosty, skepticism, and humility compose this attitude

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scientific attitude

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explanation that integrates principles, organizes and predicts behaviors or events

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theory

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testable prediction, induced by theory, to enable us to accpect, reject, revise theory

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hypothesis

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actual test

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research

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a technique in which 1 person is studied in depth to reveal underlying behavioral principles

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case study

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technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes, opinions, and behaviors of people usually by questioning a representative random sample of people

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survey

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observing and recording behavior of animals in the wild, to recording self seating patterns in lunch rooms in multiracial schools; constitutes this type of research

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naturalistic observation

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this is the variable that is manipulated

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independent variable

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tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

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false consensus effect

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nerve cell

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neuron

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cell's life support center

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cell body

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receiving messages from other cells

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dendrite

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passes message away from cell body to other neurons

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axon

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this type of message increases the amount of positive ions in cell and encourages firing

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excitatory (depolarizing)

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this type of message decreases positive ions and discourages firing

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inhibitory (hyperpolarizing)

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junction between axon tip of sending neuron and dendrite or cell body of receiving neuron. This gap is called..

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synapse

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this mechanism helps neurotransmitters bind to receptors of receiving neurons

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lock and key mechanism

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mimics neurotransmitter

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agonist

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blocks neurotransmitter... works as inhibitor

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antagonist

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these types of neurons carry incoming info from sense receptors to Central nervous system

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sensory neurons

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body's skeletal muscles that account for voluntary movement

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somatic nervous system

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glands and non skeletal muscles that include nerves- cables made of bundled axons that connect the CNS to muscles and glands

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autonomic nervous system

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branch of autonomic nervous system that arouses body, mobilizes energy in stressful situations

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sympatheitc

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branch of autonomic nervous system that calms body and conserves energy

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parasympathetic

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body's slow chemical communication system- hormones and glands

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endocrine system

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experimentally destroys brain tissue and observe effects

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lesions

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correlate brain damage and structure changes with psychological disorders and symptoms

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clinical observations

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amplified recordings of electrical waves in the brain

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electroencephalogram (EEG)

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visual display of brain activity; detects consunmption of radioactive glucose by the brain

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PET scan

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uses magnetic fileds and radio waves to procude computer generated images of brain tissue

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MRI

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keeps brain alive; automatic survival functions

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brainstem

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the base of the brainstem responsible for heart beat and breathing

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medulla

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part of brainstem that controls arousal (having energy)

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reticular formation

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part of brainstem that distributes messages to areas of sensory cortex

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thalamus

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sometimes called the "little brain" it is attached to the brain stem and responsible for coordination and motor control

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cerebellum

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part of brain structures that support variety of functions including emotion, behavior, and long term memory; neural structures

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limbic system

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part of the limbic system that processes memory

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hippocampus

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part of the limbic system that is responsible for "fight or flight"

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amygdala

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part of the limbic system that is the "thermostat" of the body and is the reward center responsible for pleasure

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hypothalamus

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the "bark" that covers brain that is the control and information processing center; makes us distinctly human

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cerebral cortex

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this lobe of the brain is located in the forehead and is responsible for reason/ planning

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frontal

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this lobe of the brain is responsible for spacial capabilities

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parietal

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this lobe of the brain is repsonsible for vision

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occipital

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this lobe of the brain is responsible for auditory capabitilies

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temporal

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receives information from skin surface and sense organs

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sensory cortex

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at the rear of frontal lobe that controlcs voluntary movement

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motor cortex

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"uncommitted" areas if cortex; we cannot pinpoint the functions of brain in this area

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association areas

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brain customizes itself based on experiences

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neural plasticity

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when the corpus callosum is severed objects on in the right field of vision can be named while objects in the left field cannot. The left hemisphere responsible for language

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split brain

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study differences and weigh relative effect of heredity and environment

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behavior geneticist

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complete insturctions for making an organism; all genetic material in organisms chromosomes

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genome

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are adopted children more like biological parents or adoptive parents?

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research shows they are more like biological parents

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refers to the extent to which the difference among people are attributable to genes; not amoung that an individuals trait is determined by genetics

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heritability

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mouse in impoverished enviroment has smaller brain cells than mouse with enriched environment

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experience and brain development

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nurture personal identity and raises children to be their own person

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individualism

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nurture group identity and raise children as interdependent and valuing group

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collectivism

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neurotransmitter that is responsible for muscle action, learning, memory

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acetylcholine

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neurotransmitter that is responsible for movement, learning, attention, emotion

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dopamine

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neurotransmitter that is responsible for mood, hunger, sleep, arousal.. undersupply linked to depression

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serotonine

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neurotransmitter that is responsible for alertness and arousal; undersupply linked to depressed emotions

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norepinephrine

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major inhibitory neurotransmitter; undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, insomnia

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GABA

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major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory

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glutamate

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acquisition of traits matching our gender identity

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gender typing

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our sense of being male/ female

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gender identity

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theory that suggests we learn cultural "recipe" of how to be male/ female which influences our gender based perceptions and behaviors

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gender schema theory

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theoy that proposed we learn gender behavior like any other behavior- reinforcement, punishment, observation

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social learning theory

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roughly how many neurons do we have at 12 weeks before birth; and how many do we have at birth

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28 billion- 12 weeks
23 billion - birth

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driving force behind intellectual development is biological development amidst experiences and environment shaped by errors we make

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cognitive development

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mental molds into which we pour our experiences

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schemas

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fitting our experiences into current schema...
ex. little child seeing cat and thinking it is a dog

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assimilation

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altering schemas in response to new experiences
ex. little child seeing cat and grouping it in its own spot

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accomodation

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Stage of Piaget's theory of current thinking that occurs 0-2 years; basic understanding of physics; children can count

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sensimotor stage

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Stage of Piaget's theory of current thinking that occurs 2-7 years where one represents things with words and images and uses intuitive rather then rational reasoning

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preoperational stage

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Stage of Piaget's theory of current thinking that occurs 7-11 years where one thinkgs logically about concrete events

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concrete operational stage

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Stage of Piaget's theory of current thinking that occurs 11- adulthood where one can use symbols and imagined realities to systematically reason

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formal operational stage

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when does stranger anxiety peak? what about separation anxiety?

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stranger anxiety: 8 months
separation anxiety: 13 months

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child rearing practice where parents impose rules and expect obedience

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authoritarian

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child rearing practice where parents submit to children's demands

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permissive

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child rearing practice where parents are demanding but also responsive to children; have both warmth and boudaries

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authoritative

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stage of Kohlbergs moral thinking that occurs before age 9, shows morality to avoid punishment or gain reward

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preconventional morality

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stage of Kohlbergs moral thinking that occurs in early adolescence and social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake

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conventional morality

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stage of Kohlbergs moral thinking that occurs in adulthood where morality is based on ethical principles

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post conventional morality