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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an extraneous variable (1 mark) |
A variable other than the IV that could effect the DV. |
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How is STM and LTM encoded (2 marks) |
STM - Acoustically LTM - semantically |
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What is the capacity of STM and LTM (2 marks) |
STM - 7+-2 LTM - Unlimited |
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What is the duration of STM and LTM (2 marks) |
STM - Up to 30 seconds LTM - Forever |
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Explain one limitation of the working memory model (2 marks) |
little is known about how the central executive works. Evidence from brain studies suggests that it is not a unitary store. |
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Explain what is meant by an independent groups design (1 mark) |
Different participants take part in each condition |
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How could a psychologist maintain confidentiality when reporting a case study (2 marks) |
Making sure individuals are not identifiable when reporting the case study. This can be done by using initials. |
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Psychologists use a range of techniques to gather information in case studies
Outline one technique which the psychologist could use (2 marks) |
Interview people to find out circumstances of their earlier life |
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Suggest one way in which aggression can be measured (2 marks) |
Number of aggressive acts shown in 10 minutes. Aggression score on a questionnaire on a scale of 1 - 10 completed by observers |
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Explain one strength of an independent groups design (2 marks) |
No order effects because participants only take part in one condition |
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Explain one limitation of an independent groups design (2 marks) |
More participants are needed than with a repeated measures design, so there are more individual differences |
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Name a reason why a field experiment is better than a laboratory experiment (1 mark) |
Less likely to show demand characteristics because they do not know they are taking part |
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Give one limitation of using the strange situation in attachment research (2 marks) |
It is unethical because being alone and being approached by a stranger may be stressful on a child |
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Give a limitation of opportunity sampling (3 marks) |
Lack of target population. This means its not very representative of any population so there are problems generalising the findings. |
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Explain two differences between STM and LTM in the multi store model (2 + 2 marks) |
STM has a capacity of 7+-2 items whereas LTM is unlimited
STM has a duration of up to 30 seconds whereas LTM is forever |
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Outline one strength and one limitation of the working memory model (2 + 2 marks) |
Strength - The WMM gives a better account of STM compared to the MSM.
Limitation - little is known about how the central executive works. Evidence from brain studies suggest it is not a unitary store. |
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Describe what research has shown about age of eye witness testimony (4 marks) |
Anastasi & Rhodes used participants aged 18 - 78 years. They found young and middle aged participants were more accurate at recognising photos than older participants. |
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Outline one study that has investigated the effect of anxiety on eyewitness testimony (4 marks) |
Loftus's weapon focus experiment, more participants correctly identified a person holding a pen (49%) than a person holding a knife covered in blood. |
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Megan is insecure-avoidant and Rosie is insecure-resistant.
Explain how Megans behaviour would be different to Rosies in the strange situation (4 marks) |
Seperation behaviour - IA - unconcerned IR - Intense distress
Reunion behaviour - IA - Little reaction IR - Clings to mother |
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Outline bowlbys theory of attachment (6 marks) |
Attachment is important for a childs survival. Attachment behaviours in both babys and caregivers is through natural selection. Infants are innately programmed to form an attachment. This is a biological process and takes place during a critical period. Relationship with PCG provides a template for future relationships |
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Explain what is meant by encoding (2 marks) |
The way information is stored into memory, e.g. acoustic, visual and semantic |
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Outline the difference between the capacity of STM and LTM (2 marks) |
LTM - Unlimited capacity STM - 7+-2 |
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Briefly outline the central executive (2 marks) |
It has a supervisory function and controls the slave systems. It has a limited capacity but can process information from any sensory modality |
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Briefly outline the phonological loop (2 marks) |
It is a temporary storage system for holding verbal information in a speech based form. It has a limited capacity |
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Briefly outline the Visuo-spatial sketchpad (2 marks) |
It is a temporary storage system for holding visual and spatial information |
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Why would people find it difficult to do two visual exercises at the same time. Refer to the WMM in your answer (2 marks) |
They would be competing for the same limited resources of the visuo-spatial sketchpad. |
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Give a limitation of volunteer sampling (2 marks) |
It is biased because some people are more likely to volunteer than others. |
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A cognitive interview has a mean of 45 and a standard interview a mean of 32.
From these results, what might you conclude about the effectiveness of cognitive interviews (2 marks) |
It was effective because there were more correct items recalled and the number of incorrect items stayed the same |
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A mother kept a diary of a child two weeks before and after they started day care
Explain how a researcher could have used content analysis to analyse what the mother had written. (4 marks) |
create a checklist, compare before and after day care, tallying behaviours, read through the diary and write a report.
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Outline one characteristic of high-quality day care for nine-month old children (2 marks) |
Appropriate caregiver/children ratio |
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Evaluate the strange situation as a method for investigating types of attachment (4 marks) |
Children may show insecure-resistant characteristics because they are used to being separated (e.g. day care). Ethical issues putting children into a stressful situation. |
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Explain how the finding of one or more studies demonstrate that STM and LTM are different (4 marks) |
Peterson and Peterson supported the idea of limited duration is STM while Bahrick supported that of relatively permanent LTM.
Baddeley found that lists of similar sounding words confused STM and lists of semantically similar words confused LTM. This shows they encode differently |
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Why would a researcher want to use a pilot study (4 marks) |
Check participants understand standardised instructions. Check timings are correct. Changes can be made to the procedure to avoid wasting time/money. |
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Name two reasons why a independent groups design is better than a repeated measures design (2 + 2 marks) |
Less likely to have demand characteristics because participants will be unaware of the other condition. No order effects because participants only do one task. |
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Condition 2 has a higher median and a higher range than condition 1.
What does this show (2 marks) |
The spread of scores is higher in condition 2 than in condition 1. There is more individual variation in condition 2 than condition 1 |
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Outline how a cognitive interview can be used to improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimony (EWT) (4 marks) |
Report everything - the interviewer encourages the witness to report all the details about the event, even though these details may seem unimportant. |
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What are the 4 techniques of a cognitive interview (4 marks) |
Context reinstatement, recall from a changed perspective, recall in reverse order and report everything. |
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What is context reinstatement (2 marks) |
Trying to mentally recreate an image of the situation, including details of the environment, such as weather conditions, and the individuals emotional state including their feeling at the time of the incident. |
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What is recall from a change perspective (2 marks) |
Trying to mentally recreate the situation from different points of view |
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What is recall in reverse order (2 marks) |
the witness is asked to describe the scene in a different chronological order |
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What is report everything (2 marks) |
the interviewer encourages the witness to report all the details about the event, even though these details may seem unimportant. |
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What is meant by the term "attachment" (2 marks) |
An emotional relationship between two people in which each seeks closeness and feels more secure when in the presence of the attachment figure. |
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Name three reasons why a interview is better than a questionnaire (3 marks) |
Allows the interviewer to clarity questions, easier to see if participants are answering honestly (body language) and easier to collect detailed qualitative data. |
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Outline one research study into the effects of day care on peer relations (4 marks) |
EPPE looked at large numbers of children in different types of pre-school provision and found high quality care was associated with greater sociability with other children. |
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What is a pilot study (3 marks) |
A study used to check aspects of the research such as whether participants understand standardised instructions. It allows the researcher to try out the study with a few participants so that adjustments can be made before the main study, saving time and money. |
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What does a high standard deviation tell us (1 mark) |
The spread of scores is larger |
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A mother ignores her son when he crys and only plays with him when she feels like it
What type of attachment is he likely to form (3 marks) |
Insecure attachment. The mother is showing insensitive mothering because she is responding to her own needs rather than her sons. |
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Explain how a psychologist could investigate the sons attachment using Ainsworths strange situation (3 marks) |
Observe the sons behaviour with the mother, when she leaves the room, etc. |
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Outline what research has shown about cultural variations in attachment (4 marks) |
Van ljzendoorn and Kroonenbergs study found that secure attachment was the most common in all cultures studied. The lowest percentage in China and highest in UK. |
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Apart from ethical issues, explain one or more limitations of using case studies (4 marks) |
Each individual is unique so the results cannot be generalised to others. Researchers may get to know the individual well, which may lead to loss of objectivity. |
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The media claimed that results showed spending time in day care caused children to become more aggressive
Explain why this is not true (3 marks) |
Correlational study, not an experiment. Aggressive children may be put into day care for longer. |
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Name three characteristics of a securely attached child (3 marks) |
Easy to soothe when separated. Enthusiastic when reunited. High stranger anxiety |
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Name three characteristics of a insecurely - avoidant child (3 marks) |
Indifferent when separated. High willingness to explore. Low stranger anxiety. |
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Name three characteristics of a insecurely - resistant child (3 marks) |
Distress when separated. Seeks and rejects when reunited. High stranger anxiety. |
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What is culture (1 mark) |
Rules, morals or customs and ways of interacting that bind a group together |
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What is deprivation (1 mark) |
When an attachment is formed and broken, often referred to as disruption of attachment |
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Name three ways deprivation effects children (3 marks) |
Depression, poor intellectual development, reduced social interactions. |
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How can you overcome deprivation (1 mark) |
By providing a substitute care emotionally and physically |
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What is privation (1 mark) |
When no attachments have been formed |
