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248 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology is defined as the scientific study of?
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Behaviour and mental processes.
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What is an example of overt behaviour?
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Writing
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People who beleive a new diet is safe and effective because a doctor wrote the book are forgetting that?
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Authority does not automatically make an idea true.
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A psychologist whose interest lay in reasoning, problem solving and memory is probably a?
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Cognitive psychologist
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_________ psychologist are interested primarily in how psychological patterns of human behaviour evolved and were inherited ove the course of history.
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Evolutionary
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What is NOT one of the goals of psychology?
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Persistence
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Intorspection turned out to be a poor way to answer many questions because?
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it was difficult to determine what answers were correct.
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What did functionalism contribute?
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It promoted educational psychology.
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Behaviourism is the study of?
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Overt, observable behaviour.
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Using learning principles to change problem behaviour is known as?
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behaviour therapy.
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The Gestalt viewpoint has especially influenced studies of?
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personality and perception.
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Humanism stresses?
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Free Will
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Which of the following major perspectives in psychology would measure the amount of blood flow to various parts of the brain during a letter detection task?
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Biopsychological.
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The tendency to beleive positive or flattering descriptions of yourself is also known as?
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uncritical acceptance.
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Wich of the following would be studied by a researcher in the field of positive psychology?
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The factors that may enhancce and individuals creativity.
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What is stressed in the professional code fo ethics?
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Respect for peoples right to privacy.
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______ refers to an ability to reflect on , evaluate, compare, analyze, critique, and synthesize information.
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critical thinking.
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Operational definitions consist of?
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the exact procedures used to represent a concept.
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The difference between a theory and a hypothesis is?
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a hypothesis makes tentative predictions about behaviour; a theory summarises existing research.
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When an observer sees only what he or she expects to see, this is called?
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Observer bias.
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The weight of a horse jockey is probably __________ correlated with their ability to win races.
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Negatively.
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Which correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship between variables?
+.89 +.21 -.75 -.56 |
+.21
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What is the advantage of the experimental method?
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Confirms cause and effect.
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Dr. Psychosomatic is investigating the effects fo violent cartoon programs on children's aggressive play behaviour. She has one group of 4 year olds watch a 30 minute tape of a children's cartoon containing violence and another group of children the same age watch a nonviolent cartoon for the same length of time. Then she has trained observes watcht he children at play and obtain aggression scores for each child. In this example, the dependent variable is?
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the violent tape.
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Te procedure by which each subject in a study has an equal chance of being assigned tot he experimental and control group is called?
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random assignment
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Animal studies have been used by some psychologist in order to?
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discover princibples that apply to humans.
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Joe takes an herbal supplement for pain in his knees. A few days after starting the supplement, his pain seems to decrease and he tells people that this supplement is wonderful at controlling knee pain. What else could explain Joe's diminished pain?
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The placebo effect.
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If neither the subjects nor the experimenter know which subjects get the true independent variable and which get the placebo, the study is called a ________ experiment.
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double-blind
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Dr. Williams want to find out how middle-class America feels about taxes. She goes to Neiman-Marcus and surveys the customers there. Whats has she doen wrong?
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She failed to get a representative sample.
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A prediction that prompts people to act in ways that make the prediction come true is known as?
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Self-fulfilling prophecy.
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What is one of the three major ethical issues to which researches must be sensitive?
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deception
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Pseudopsychologist differ from mainstream psychologist in that?
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the latter look for evidence to contradict their hypotheses.
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_________ believed that our behaviour is deeply influenced by unconscious thoughts, impulses, and desires.
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Freud
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The U.S. Army slogan, "Be All You Can Be" might be considered and example of?
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Self-actualisation
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Palmistry and phrenology would both be examples of?
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pseudopsychology
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The study of how biological processes relate to behaviour is called?
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biopsychology
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Which of the following parts of a neuron is responsible for carrying information away from one end of a neuron to the other?
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axon
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What is the message-receiving part of the neuron?
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dendrite
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Another name for the nerve impulse is the?
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action potential
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An action Potential is likely to occur when?
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the neuron reaches the threshold
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What happens at the synapse?
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the neuron releases chemicals called neurotransmitters onto the surface of the receiving neuron.
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Receptor sites are found on what?
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dendrites
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Myelin is?
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a fatty layer coating the axon
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An example of a neuropeptide is?
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acetylcholine
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Which part of the nervous system is being utilised as you sit in class and write your notes?
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somatic
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Which division of the nervous system is the "fight of flight" system?
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sympathetic
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Which technique for studying the brain involves the destruction of brain cells with an electrical current?
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deep lesioning
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A _____ works by injecting radioactive glucose to determine which areas of the brain are most active during a task.
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PET scan
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The left hemisphere is responsible for?
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language and math
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Susan was in an accident and experienced brain damage resulting in her having problems understanding spoken words. It is probable that she damaged which part of her brain?
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Wernicke's area
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Truth about the somatosensory area is?
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the larger the area devoted to the particular body part, the more sensitive the part of the body.
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A person who has difficulty with word expression saying "seep" instead of "sleep", probably has damage to?
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Broca's area
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With regard to the motor cortex, which of the following would get more area of cortex devoted to its functioning?
a.ear b.nose c.hand d.shin |
c.hand
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An inability to recognise familiar faces is known as?
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facial agnosia
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Which of the following is most vital to survival?
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medulla
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Which brain area is damaged if a person experiences loss of coordination and balance?
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cerebellum
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Which brain area is involved n sleep and arousal, and connects the lower brain to the upper brain?
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pons
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If the _____ is damaged, you can lose your hearing, sight, sense of touch, or taste.
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thalamus
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Damage to the _____ might result in amnesia.
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hippocampus
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Damage to the ______ might result in poor temperature regulation or disorders of appetite, sleep, or sex.
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hypothalamus
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Which part of the brain seems associated with fear and anger?
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amygdala
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This lobe of the brain is primarily involved with receiving visual information.
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occipital
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A split-brain patient, if presented with a picture of a dog to the left visual field and a cat to the right visual field, well draw _______ with their right hand.
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a cat
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The endocrine system releases ______ that go directly ______.
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hormones; into the bloodstream
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When the pituitary secretes too much growth hormone late in the growth period, ican cause what?
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acromegaly
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The master gland, controlled by the hypothalamus, is the?
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pituitary
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A person who is thin, tense, nervous, and excitable might have an overatice?
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thyroid
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What is true about the hormone melatonin?
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higher levels cause drowsiness
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Plasticity of the brain means that the brain is?
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capable of changing its structure and functions
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Caleb threw his tennis racquet after losing the match. This expression of anger most likely orginated n what part of the brain?
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limbic system
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What is the sequence smalles to largest, chromosomes, genes, DNA.
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genes, DNA, chromosomes.
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When a gene is ______, the feature it controls will appear every time the gene is present.
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dominant
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Which term refers to many genes working together to produce a trait or feature
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polygenic
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Brandon has a hot temper, broods a lot, and is rather disagreeable. He is probably what kind of child?
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difficult
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Ann is restrained and shy. She is probably what kind of child?
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slow to warm up.
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A woman exposed to measles in early pregnancy has a child who is mentally retarded, whereas her sister, who was in the last months of pregnancy when exposed, has aa normal child. This illustrates the concept of?
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sensitive periods
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Denny was born weighing only five pounds, with a small head, thin uper lip, and oddly shaped eyes. He is also a person with mental retardation. Denny's mother most likely used what during her pregnancy?
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alcohol
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Which of the following is not considered teratogen?
a.caffeine b.alcohol c.tobacco d.prenatal vitamins |
d.prenatal vitamins
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What is an example of reciprocal influences in development?
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A child inherits a genetic potential for IQ, which can be reached only if they receive the proper stimulation from the environment, which they are also affecting.
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A newborns startle reflex is also called?
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Moro
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A neonates best visual acuity is at approximately what distance?
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one foot
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A baby gains control of its neck muscles, then its arms, and finally its legs. This called ______ development.
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cephalocaudal
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Concerning maturation, although rate _______, order ______.
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Concerning maturation, although rate varies, order stays constant.
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All human emotions appear by what age?
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experts do not yet agree on how quickly emotions emerge.
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Karen cries when her mother leaves the room. This is an example of what?
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seperation anxiety.
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In Ainsworth's study, a baby who seemed disinterested in the mother's comings and goings, turning away from her when she returned, was labeled what?
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insecure-avoidant
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An infant who experiences separation anxiety but is comforted when his mother returns can be labeled as having what type of attachment.
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secure
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Harlo's monkeys preferred the soft, clothe-covered surrogate mother monkey to the wire monkey providing food. This preference cna best be explained by what term?
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contact comfort
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What should a parent NOT look for in a day care?
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frequent staff turnover to prevent boredom
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Affectional needs include what?
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need for food water and love.
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______ refers to discrimination of prejudice based on age.
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elder abuse
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Erik erikson believed the first psychosocial task was that of what?
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autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
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Which is considered to be the most beneficial style of parenting?
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authoritative
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Which of the following techniques would an authoritative parent be most likely to use?
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management techniques
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What does chomsky assert about language development?
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Humans have a genetic predisposition for language development.
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In which level of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning would a person be if they seek to uphold their own morals, regardless of teh consequences?
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postconventional
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An exaggerated pattern of speaking that parents use when talking to infants is referred to in the text as?
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motherese
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According to Piaget, object permanence deveops in the ____ stage.
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sensorimotor
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What is NOT one of Kubler-Ross's stages of death and dying?
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bargaining
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Emily sees a butterfly floating across her back yard, points and says, "Birdie!" Piaget would refer to this process as what?
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object permanence
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Puberty is _____ defined, whereas adolescence is defined by______.
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Puberty is culturally defined, whereas adolescence is defined bybiology.
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_____ is the study of progressive changes in behaviour and abilities, involves every stage of life from conception to death.
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Developmental psychology
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The physical growth and development of the body, brain, and nervous system is also referred to as what?
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maturation.
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Environment is to heredity as ______is to ______.
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nurture, nature
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Emily's parents considered the use of stimulation colours, sounds, and textures when decorating her nursery. This would be considered an example of a_____ environment.
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enriching
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A device, shuch as the eye, that converts energy from one system to another is a what?
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transducer
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The conversion of important features of the world into a form that can be understood by the brain is called?
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sensory coding
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If you press on your eyelids, you will "see" colours and flashes of light. If you receive a blow to the side of your head, you will "hear" ringing. Which term best describes these phenomena?
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sensory coding
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The absolute threshold of smell _________.
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differs from person to person.
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A change in stimulus intensity that is detectable to an observer is what?
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a difference threshold
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Information processed below the normal threshold of awareness is called ________.
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subliminal
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You answer your phone and immediately recognise the voice of your best friend. What process is involved in this recognition?
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perception
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The term indicating the basic colour categories is ___.
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hue
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What part of they eye does most of the focusing in on an image?
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cornea
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Which kind of visual impairment is also called nearsightedness?
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myopia
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Which of the following refers to the misshaping of the cornea or lens?
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astigmatism
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What part of the eye would be the equivalent of film in a camera?
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retina
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Which of the following types of cells produced colour sensations and work best in bright light?
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cones
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The spot on the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the what?
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blindspot
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What is responsible for the greatest visual acuity?
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fovea
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In opponent-process theory, colours are perceived by what?
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by processing colours as "either-or" messages.
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The trichromatic theory of colour applies to the what?
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retina
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What type of light doesn NIT affect dark adaptation?
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red
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Pitch corresponds to _______, while loudness corresponds to ________.
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Pitch corresponds to frequency, while loudness corresponds to amplitude.
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Which part of the ear concentrates of funnels sound waves?
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pinna
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What is the true organ of hearing that contains tiny hair cells that detect waves in the cochlear fluid?
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cochlea
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Where would you find the malleus?
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inner ear
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If the eardrum or ossicles are damaged, you might suffer from __________hearing loss.
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conductive
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Although the olfactory membrane has 400 different receptors, we can actually detect about how many odors?
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10,000
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The idea that chemical in the nose produce odors when part of the odor molecule matches a receptor site of the same shape in the nose is called what?
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lock and key theory
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Which of the following is NOT a taste quality?
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brothy
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Which of the following is NOT considered a somesthetic sense?
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olfactory senses
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Pain associated with the skin, muscles, joints, and tendons is called?
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somatic pain
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When a sensory message fails to reach awareness because it is altered in the spinal cord, this is known as?
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sensory gating
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Sensory conflict theory is often used to explain what?
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motion sickness
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Connor cannot smell his own body odour but is noted to complain about the smell of others. What might explain this apparent discrepancy?
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sensory adaptation
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Larry is red-gree colour-blind. This means?
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he perceives the colours red adn green as being the same.
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The danger of hearing loss depends on what?
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the loudness and the length of time exposed to the sound.
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Connor cannot smell his own body odour but is noted to complain about the smell of others. What might explain this apparent discrepancy?
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sensory adaptation
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Larry is red-gree colour-blind. This means?
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he perceives the colours red adn green as being the same.
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Airborne chemicals, which are often used by animals to identify territory and even famly memebers, are known as?
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pheromones
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Each of the following is a factor that can reduce pain EXCEPT
a. lowered levels of anxiety b. increased attention to the source of pain c. interpretation d. counterirritation |
b. increased attention to the source of pain
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The danger of hearing loss depends on what?
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the loudness and the length of time exposed to the sound.
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Airborne chemicals, which are often used by animals to identify territory and even famly memebers, are known as?
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pheromones
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Each of the following is a factor that can reduce pain EXCEPT
a. lowered levels of anxiety b. increased attention to the source of pain c. interpretation d. counterirritation |
b. increased attention to the source of pain
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If you look at a book, rotating it several ways, you still perceive it as rectangular. This is called ______ constancy.
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shape
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Which Gestalt principle helps us see illusory figures?
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closure
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Which Gestalt principle is the reason uniformed band members that are randomly scattered on a football field are perceived as a group instead of individuals?
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similarity
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Which Gestalt principle refers to perceiving causality in things that are near each other in time or space?
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contiguity
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Although Devin is only 5 feet 5 inches tall, he seems tall when aroudn the rest of his family, who only average a height of 4 feet 10 inches. This effect on perception is commonly referred to as what?
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context
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Research into depth perception has shown that can begin to develop as early as what age?
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two weeks of age
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Which of the following is a binocular cue for depth?
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retinal disparity
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What occurs when two different images are fused into one overall image?
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stereoscopic vision
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Mountain ranges in the western United States often appear to be much closer than they really are. This is due to what?
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aerial perspective
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__________ is also known as interposition.
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Overlap
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Apparent-distance hypothesis explains the _______ illusion.
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moon
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Changes int he brain that alter how we construct sensory information into percepts are called perceptual what?
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learning
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Which of the following refers to changes in perceptin that can be attributed to prior experience?
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learning
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In the inverted vision study,
a. subjects were unable to adapt. b. the world always seemed abnormal. c. subjects suffered no physical ills. d. subjects were eventually able to perform most routine activities. |
d. subjects were eventually able to perform most routine activities.
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The difference between an illusion and a hallucination is that the latter is......
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a perceived event with no external reality.
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Gregory found that Zulus
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do not experience the Muller-Lyer illusion.
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Vicki often talks on her cell phone while driving to and from work. Aside from being dangerous, this is also an example of...
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divided attention
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What is NOT a most basic sources of attention?
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habituation
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If you are anticipating a starter pistol to fire, you tend to notice billboards of cars more than other advertisments. This illustrates the role of _______ in perception.
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expectancy
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When a student attempts to solve a new puzzle, she will most likely use.....
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bottom-up processing.
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Once, when I was expecting an important phone call, the doorbell rang. I picked up the phone, and mistake no doubt caused by what?
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perceptual expectancy.
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Eyewitness testimony
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is frequently wrong.
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What could distort a person's perception of an event?
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being suprised, threatened, or under stress.
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Jack is a victim to a crime and is asked to identify the culprit that pointed the gun to his head. Even though he stood two feet from the criminal he cannot remember anything about his face. this is an example of what?
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weapons focus.
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What is NOT one of the seven ways to become a better eyewitness?
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use perceptual habits.
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Extrasensory perception of another person's thoughts is called what?
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telepathy
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The supposed ability to exert influence over inanimate objects is called?
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psychokinesis
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From a set of 12 cards of the same suit, a person is able to predict the correct value of the card about 20% of the time. What can most likely account for this success rate?
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run of luck
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Modern parapsychologist, remembering the fraud perpetrated in the Rhine studies involving Zener cards, are careful to recognise the importance of....
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double-blind experiments, security, and accuracy in record keeping.
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This refers to the illusory motion perceived when objects are shown in reapidly changing positions.
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stroboscopic vision
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________ is the process by which we assemble sensations into meaningful patterns.
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perception
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A television commercial that states the product's name repeatedly is attempting to gain you're attention through what?
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repetitious stimuli.
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Elizabeth has heard the faucet drip for the last week. Now she no longer notices the sound. this would be an example of what?
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Habituation
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What are you observing when you see a person stop to take a second look at something?
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orientation response
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Figure-ground organisation is what?
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probably inborne. The first perceptual ability to appear after cataract patients regain sight. a Gestalt principle.
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A state of clear, organise alertnes is what?
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consciousness
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What might cause an altered state of consciousness?
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sleep, drug use, or sensory overload
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After being awake for more than 60 hours, a person may develop hallucinations and delusional thinking in a state called what?
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sleep deprivation psychosis
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Persons over age 50 generally average about ____ hours of sleep per night.
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6
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In which of the stages of sleep would a person be most difficult to wake?
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stage 4
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In which stage do sleep spindles appear on the EEG?
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stage 2
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In which stage would a hypnic jerk be most likely to occur?
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stage 1
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The bulk of our dreaming is done during ______ sleep
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REM
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During which type of sleep are muscles paralyzed?
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REM sleep
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What is true of NREM sleep?
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it may help the body recover from bodily fatigue
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When do night terrrors and sleepwalking occur?
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stage 4, deep sleep
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During which type of sleep would nightmares typically occur?
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REM sleep
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What is not a reasonable treatment for insomnia?
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caffeine consumption.
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what is NOT likely to occur during NREM sleep?
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nightmares
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A hereditary problem in which the victim has irresistible "sleep attacks" in the day is called what?
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narcolepsy
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Sleep apnea referes to a problem with what?
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breathing during sleep
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The idea that dreams contain hidden, symbolic meanin was first proposed by who?
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Freud
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The theory that dreaming is just the brain's way of explaining its own physical activity is called.
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activation synthesis
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What is NOT a caracteristic of hypnosis?
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sleep state
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Evidence shows that hypnosis does not produce what?
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superhuman acts of strength.
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Scientist have found that mild sensory deprivation can do what?
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help people lose weight. help people quit smoking. reduce alcohol use.
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Stimulants ________ nervous system activity, whereas depressants ______ it.
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Stimulants increase nervous system activity, whereas depressants decrease it.
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Which term refers to the increasing need for greater amounts of a drug to produce the same effect?
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drug tolerance
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the pattern of drug use in which drugs are used to cope with a specific problem, such as staying awake, is called
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situational
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Which stimulant is synthetically produced?
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amphetamines
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What is a withdrawal symptom associated with cocaine?
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lowered anxiety
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The single most preventable cause of death in the United States and Canada is what?
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smoking
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_______ refers to drinking five or more drinks in a short time.
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binge-drinking
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Which drug is actually an anesthetic?
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PCP
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At high dosages, marijuana can cause what?
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paranoia, hallucinations, and delusions.
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Health risks of marijuana use does not include what?
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higher levels of activation within the cerebellum.
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With regard to Freud's four dream processes, the tendency to make a dream more logical and add details to it when remembering it is called what?
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secondary elaboration
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Which of the following is not a step described by the text for use in avoiding the continuation of a bad dream?
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Try to immediately fall back to sleep.
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Sleep apnea is suspected as a possible contributing cause for the occurrence of ______.
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SIDS
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Jacob reported that during one of his dreams last night, he knew he was dreaming. This would be an example of a _______ dream
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lucid
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Learning is defined as
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relatively permanent.
a change in behaviour. due to experience. |
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In classical conditioning, _______ are important, while in operant conditioning, _______ are primary for learning.
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antecedents: consequences
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When a tone is sounded, a infant's right cheek is touched, and the baby reflexively turns it's head to the direction of the touch. After several pairings, the baby turns its head to the right as soon it hears the tone. in this example, the conditioned stimulus is the
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tone
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When a tone is sounded, a infant's right cheek is touched, and the baby reflexively turns it's head to the direction of the touch. After several pairings, the baby turns its head to the right as soon it hears the tone. in this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the
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touch
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When a tone is sounded, a infant's right cheek is touched, and the baby reflexively turns it's head to the direction of the touch. replaced with a clicking noise before the tone is sounded the baby would eventually turn it's head to the dlicking noise as well. This is known as?
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higher -order conditioning.
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Chris used to love dogs but was badly bitten by a stray dog once. Now he is extremely fearful when he sees any dog nearing him. this is an example of what?
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a conditioned emotional response.
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Karen and her husband are very predudiced. Their daughter Nikki althought only a small child, also reacts very negatively to people who are different from her. Her emotional response is most likely due to what?
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vicarious conditioning
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Like classical conditioning, operant conditiong is
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based on information and expectancies.
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First, Rover is rewarded for walking through a hoop when the hoop is on the ground. Then the hoop is raised a little, and Rover is rewarded again for stepping through. If this is repeated until Rover is jumping through the hoop, _______ has occurred.
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shaping
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________ is the ability to respond differently to various stimuli.
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Discrimination
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If parents ignore a child's temper tantrums and the tantrums subsequently cease, ______ has occurred.
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operant extinction
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George has learned that if he gives in to his son Brandon and lets Brandon have the toy he is screaming for in the store, the screaming stops. George continues giving in because of his own what?
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negative reinforcement
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George finally tells Brandon that not only will he NOT get a toy when he screams for it, but he will also have one of the toys he already has taken away from him if he does scream. George is using what?
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negative punishment
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Wat is an example of a primary reinforcer?
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giving a child a hug
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What is NOT one of the three factors increasing the effectiveness of feedback?
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positive
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Continuously reinforced responses are?
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easy to extinguish
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Mitch is selling magazine subscriptions. For every five subscriptions he sells, he gets one dollar. This exemplifies what?
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a fixed-ratio schedule.
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Gambling is related to what?
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variable-ratio schedule
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Fishing operates on which reinforcement schedule?
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variable-interval schedule
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Seeing a vehicle with coloured lights mounted to its roof may cause a driver to alter their driving. What term best describes this process?
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discriminative stimulus
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What is a FALSE statement about punishment?
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it is long lasting
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Upon returning home from work, David punishes his pypy (by placing the dog in a "time-out" box for several minutes). Which rule of punishment has David broken?
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it needs to be immediate
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Jean sometimes spanks her son for getting out of bed at night to play, but many times she jsut decides not to put him back to bed.
Which rule of punishment is she disregarding? |
it needs to be consisten
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Punishment can what?
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create fear of the punisher.
result in escape learning, such as lying. can greatly increase aggression. |
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Understanding, anticipating, and knowing are parts of what?
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cognitive learning
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Skills gained by insight are an example of?
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discovery learning
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Which of the following refers to a mental representation of an external area?
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cognitive map
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Which of the following is an example of latent learning?
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a student displays math knowledge only when having the incentive to get a good grade on a test.
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Carrie wants to be a gymnast. Unfortunately, she weights 200 pounds and is 6 foot 4 inches tall. Which of the following will prevent her from learning through observation?
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reproducing what was done.
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Televised violence
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may increase the likelihood of children to behave aggressively.
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Operant conditioning is to ______ as classical conditioning is to _______.
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Voluntary behaviour; reflexive behaviour.
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What is not one of the four strategies identified by your text for helping change bad habits?
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cognitive contracting
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_________ appear to produce reinforcement, even though actually being unnecessary.
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Response chains.
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