Psychology Chapters 13-16

Front 1

a condition of arousal or tension within an organism that motivates the organism; usually associated with a need

Back 1

drive

Front 2

an internal balance of equilibrium that is achieved through adjustments of the nervous system

Back 2

homeostasis

Front 3

an achievement motivated by a concrete, external goal

Back 3

performance goals

Front 4

the state in which a person’s thoughts and behavior match his or her beliefs and the expectations of others

Back 4

cognitive consistency

Front 5

The biological need for food gives rise to the ______ _____

Back 5

Hunger drive

Front 6

Instincts are also known as ________ ______

Back 6

fixed-action patterns

Front 7

Abraham Maslow pioneered the study of ________ _______

Back 7

Humanistic psychology

Front 8

The hunger drive can be satisfied by the sensations of _______ and ________

Back 8

chewing and swallowing

Front 9

People experience hunger as a result of:

Low sugar levels in the ______

The activity of the ________

Pressure or ______

Back 9

blood

hypothalamus

anxiety

Front 10

People usually eat more when ________ ______ ______

Back 10

Around other people

Front 11

Healthy weight-control programs involve

_______ combined with ________

Back 11

Diet combined with exercise

Front 12

The rate at which people metabolize food is based upon the amount of ______ and ______ in their bodies

Back 12

Muscle, fat

Front 13

Sensation seekers are people who Are at their best when doing something ______ or __________.

Back 13

active, adventurous

Front 14

Children who set learning goals for themselves have parents who:

Encourage them to be _______

Inspire them to enjoy __________

Let them find their own ways to solve _______

Back 14

persistent

schoolwork

problems

Front 15

The “start-eating” and “stop-eating” centers are located in the _________

Back 15

Hypothalamus

Front 16

PET scans have shown that happiness and sadness involve different parts of the ______

Back 16

brain

Front 17

Children who set performance goals are usually ________ by parents for good _______

Back 17

rewarded; grades

Front 18

the idea that an intense emotion is often followed by the opposite

Back 18

opponent-process theory

Front 19

an aspect of personality that is considered to be reasonably consistent

Back 19

trait

Front 20

in psychoanalytic theory, the reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives

Back 20

id

Front 21

concept of a shared, inherited body of memory that all humans have

Back 21

collective unconscious

Front 22

one’s view of oneself as an individual

Back 22

self-concept

Front 23

Recent research suggests that the “big five” personality dimensions tend to be established at an ______ _____

Back 23

early age

Front 24

Sociocultural theorists have found unusually high self-esteem among People who are ________

Back 24

bicultural

Front 25

The sociocultural perspective focuses on the role of:

E_______

G_______

C_______

Back 25

Ethnicity

Gender

Culture

Front 26

Socialization is a process described by ________ _______

Back 26

Behavioral psychologists

Front 27

The young hero, the fertile and nurturing mother, and the wise old man are examples of _________

Back 27

Archetypes

Front 28

The personality theory that played the biggest role in matching people to educational programs and jobs based on their personality is _____ ______

Back 28

Trait theory

Front 29

tests for which norms are based on the performance of a range of individuals

Back 29

standardized test

Front 30

a group of test items that suggest whether or not the test taker is answering honestly

Back 30

validity scale

Front 31

a test that is designed to predict a person’s future performance or capacity to learn

Back 31

aptitude test

Front 32

tests that are used to help people make decisions about career options

Back 32

vocational interest inventories

Front 33

a method of coping in which one changes the thoughts one has in a particular situation

Back 33

cognitive restructuring

Front 34

Norms for a test are usually established by administering the test to the _____ ______

Back 34

norm group

Front 35

A test is considered to have validity if it ______ what it was intended to ______

Back 35

predicts, predict

Front 36

Performance on an achievement test is influenced by:

I_______

M_______

L_______

Back 36

Intelligence

Motivation

Learning

Front 37

The Stanford Achievement Test (SAT) measure the test taker’s

General ability to do well in ______

Achievement in ______

Achievement in ________

Back 37

college

language

mathematics

Front 38

For a psychological test to be useful and reasonably accurate, it must:

Have ______ norms

Be ________

Show ______ and ______

Back 38

scoring

standardized

reliability, validity

Front 39

Computer diagnostic programs have the advantage of being easily ________

Back 39

standardized

Front 40

Psychological tests are used to:

Show whether a person needs to take a certain _________

Determine if a person is suited for a certain _____

Predict a person's potential ______ in ______

Back 40

medication

job

success, college

Front 41

The reliability and validity of the inkblot test has been questioned because of _______ in the ways responses are ________

Back 41

Differences, interpreted

Front 42

To guard against inaccurate or distorted answers, tests use _______ _______

Back 42

Validity scales

Front 43

Trained test givers measure behavior with behavior-rating scales by observing how many _____ a specific _______ occurs

Back 43

times, behavior

Front 44

A test is considered to have reliability if it yields
_________ score for ________ test takers

Back 44

consistent, individual

Front 45

Overall learning ability is measured by _______ _____

Back 45

Aptitude tests

Front 46

The longer a test, the more likely it is to be _____

Back 46

valid

Front 47

Overlearning helps a person cope with test anxiety by building ________

Back 47

confidence

Front 48

the differing sets of behaviors that a culture considers appropriate for males or females

Back 48

gender role

Front 49

the development, prior to birth, of the tendencies of the brain’s left and right hemispheres to specialize in certain functions

Back 49

lateralization

Front 50

the process of learning new behavior through the observation and imitation of others

Back 50

modeling

Front 51

the set of traits and behaviors by which a child learns to classify male and female gender roles and by which the child models and measure his or her own relation to those roles

Back 51

gender schema

Front 52

When gender roles become rigid and oversimplified, they are known as gender _________

Back 52

Stereotypes

Front 53

Females outperform males in:

R________

Following _______ _______

S______

Back 53

Reading

written instructions

Spelling

Front 54

Gender differences in verbal abilities start to appear in the ______ years of life

Back 54

first

Front 55

Psychologists disagree about whether gender differences are _________ based or _______

Back 55

biologically, learned

Front 56

Males demonstrate greater mathematical ability than females beginning in _____ ____ and ______

Back 56

high school and college

Front 57

Gender differences in mathematical achievement have _______ steadily over the past ______

Back 57

decreased, decade

Front 58

Gender differences in mathematical ability probably come from ______ and _______

Back 58

training and experience

Front 59

Visual-spatial abilities aid in:

understanding abstract concepts in _______

reading ______

assembling ______-

Back 59

geometry

maps

puzzles

Front 60

In most cultures, males tend to be suited to warfare and sports competition because of higher levels of ________

Back 60

aggression

Front 61

When women act aggressively, they are more likely to use _______ forms of _______

Back 61

indirect, aggression

Front 62

Experts suggest that differences in aggression may be the result of:

-differing levels of _______

-the success of ______ males in passing on their _____

-__________

Back 62

testosterone

aggressive, genes

socialization

Front 63

When choosing a mate, one of the most important factors for men is ________ _______

Back 63

physical appearance

Front 64

Gender typing usually begins before the age of _____

Back 64

three

Front 65

Critics argue that the genetic view of gender roles is false because gender roles are ________

Back 65

learned