Psychology - Chapter 7 (Memory)

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

The retention of info over time

Front 2

Standing, Conezio & Haber

Back 2

Show college students photographs then paired an original with different ones 3 days later... they were accurate 93% of the time

Front 3

Memory Illusion

Back 3

Is a false but compelling memory, likely a by-product of our brains adaptive tendency to go beyond info it has as its disposal

We simplify things to make them easier to remember (representativeness heuristic)

Front 4

What do we do when we try and re-call an event?

Back 4

We actively reconstruct our memories using info and cues

Front 5

The three senses of memory:

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1. Sensory

2. Short Term

3. Long Term

Front 6

What two dimensions do Atkinson and Shiffrin describe?

Back 6

Span: how much info each system can hold

Duration: how long a period of time that system can hold info

Front 7

Sensory Memory

Back 7

Is the brief storage of perceptual info before its passed into short term memory

Sperling: demonstrated existence of iconic memory using the method of partial report

The info fades so fast we can access it all before it fades (Flash 12 numbers in front of people could only remember 4-5)

Front 8

Echoic memory

Back 8

Auditory sensory memory, lasts longer than iconic memory (between 5 - 10 seconds)

Front 9

Short-term Memory

Back 9

Info that is stored about things we are currently thinking about, or processing actively

(Working memory)

Peterson + Peterson = Quite brief

Front 10

Decay

Back 10

We lose memory from the fading of info due to lack of attention

Front 11

Interference

Back 11

Memory lose in order to make room for other info

Front 12

Retro-active interference?

Back 12

Learning something new hampers earlier learning

Front 13

Pro-active interference

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When earlier learning gets in the way of new learning

Front 14

The Magic Number

Back 14

Is the universal limit of STM

STM doesnt last long

Miller suggests it is 7 +/- 2

Front 15

Chunking

Back 15

We can organize material into meaningful groups

Front 16

Depth of processing

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So the more deeply we transform info, the better we tend to remember it.

Front 17

Long term memory

and how do we make mistakes in LTM?

Back 17

Is our permanent store of info like facts, experiences and skills learned we make mistakes base on mininterpeting meaning in the first place

Front 18

What is Primacy and Recency effect? How can we measure this?

Back 18

Primacy -> Remember early words in a list (STM)

Recency -> Remember later words in a list (LTM)

Serial position curve

Front 19

What is Explicit memory?

Back 19

When you recall info intentionally

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Semantic memory

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Facts about the world (left frontal cortex)

Front 21

Implicit Memory?

Back 21

You recall info uncounciouslly

Front 22

Procedural Memory

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Motor skills and habits

Front 23

What is priming?

Back 23

We can remember something easier when we pair it with something similar we arleady know

Front 24

What is a task called where a person fills in missing letters and it demonstrates priming

Back 24

Stem completion task

Front 25

Encoding

Back 25

The process of how we get info into our memory, most events aren't encoded. We have to pay attention to something in order to encode

Front 26

What is Mnemonic

Back 26

What you are doing right now!!!

LEARNING AIDS

Front 27

Different types of Mnemonic's?

Back 27

Pegword method: Rythme

Loci: Imagery

Keywrod: Use a word that reminds you of the word you are trying to remember

Front 28

Schema

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Mental model stored in memory --> the sometimes oversimplify causing memory illusions

Front 29

What is better recall or recognition?

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Recognitions because you only have to determine which item from a list is correct rather then generate a whole answer

Front 30

Relearning?

Back 30

Hermann Ebbinghuss says we learn more quickly the second time around which shows that knowledge is still in the brain somewhere

Front 31

Encoding Specificity?

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We will remember something better if we are under the same circumstances as when we try and remember it.

Front 32

Context-dependent learning

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Students tend to better on exams when they're tested in the same classroom they learned it in

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State-dependent

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When you are in the same psychological state during encoding

Front 34

Engram:

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Karl Lashley tried to locate the physical traces of memory in the brain so he taught rats to run through mazes then lesioned parts of their brain and he concluded they still remember which was to go... sooo memory isnt located in a single place

Front 35

What is Long-term Potentiation...

Back 35

You can gradually strengthen connections of neurons with repeated stimulation which will increase release of GLUTAMATE

Front 36

What does the hippocampus and amygdala do?

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Plays a role in forming lasting memoriesa

Front 37

Retrograde amnesia vs Anterograde Amensia

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Retrograde: Loss of memories from the past

Anterograde: cant make new memories

Front 38

Emotional memories are stored in? Which drug can help?

Back 38

Amygdala and Propranolol

Front 39

What age do people begin to experience memory problems

Back 39

65

Front 40

Meta-memory

Back 40

Your own knowledge about your own abilities and limitations

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Flash bulb memory

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Emotional memories that are very vivid and detailed

Front 42

What is Phantom flashbulb memory

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That many memory that are very vivd like flash bulb memorys are fake

Front 43

What is source monitoring

Back 43

You can identify the orgins of your memory

Front 44

What is Crupotmnesia

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We fail to realize our ideas orginiated with someone else

Front 45

How many people are mistakenly acquitted from eye-witness testimony?

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3/4 after DNA testing

Front 46

Seven Sins of Memory

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Transcience: Our memories will fade

Persistence: Events linger and intrude out thoughts

Front 47

Most people who suffer from Amensia have:

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Antegrade