Psychology Chapter 7: Memory

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episodic memory

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memory of an event in ones life
ex: remembering a dropped cellphone

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remembering a dropped cell phone

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episodic

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propspective memory

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remembering to do something in the future

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explicit memory

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declarative memory

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explicit/ declarative memory

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memory for specific info
auto biographical or general knowledge
episodic and semantic

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explicit

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episodic and semanitic

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tulving

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explicit memories episodic and semantic

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episodic memory

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explicit memories
memories of that happens to us or takes pace in our presence
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY

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Episodic memory examples

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what you ate for breakfast
what your professor said in class this afternoon

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Semantic memory

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general knowledge

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implicit memory

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Non declarative memory

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implicit memory

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memory of how to perform a task
suggested but not plainly expressed as illustrated in the things that people do but do not state clearly

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implicit memories examples

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speak one language
ride a bike
swim
how to type
drive a car
implicit memories can persisit even when we have not used them for many years

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implicit memories use

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habit
dont have to pay concious attention to them to remember

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priming

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specific assosications in memory often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory

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primed

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repitition

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retrospective memory

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the recalling of info that has been previously learned
-episodic, semantic and implicit

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prospective memory

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remembering to do something in the future
ex; remembering to brush teeth before going out

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habitual tasks

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ex
getting to class on time

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event based tasks

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triggered by events
-remembering to take ones edicine at breakfast or brush teeth after eating

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time based tasks

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performed at a certain time or after a certain amount of time has elapsed between occurrences
-tuning in to tv at 7
-taking a pill every four hours

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older adults are

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equall aware of prospective memory but take longer to respond to cues

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confidence helps

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prospective NOT RETROSPECTIVE

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__________ memories are memories of specific information

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explicit or declarative

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memories of the events that happen to aperson are ____________ memories

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episodic memory

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___________memories concern generalized knowledge

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semantic memory

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physical and chemical stimuli are then changed to put in memory

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encoding

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encoding

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transform into psychological formats that can be represented mentally
using visual, auditory, and semantic codes

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visual code

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mentally representing info as a picture
mental image

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acoustic code

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representing the stimuli as a sequence of sounds

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semntic codes

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represent stimuli in terms of their meaning
pemdas

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storage

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second memory process
maintaining info over time

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maintancance rehearsal

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mentally saying it to yourself or repearing the list

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metamemory

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self awareness of the functioning of our memory

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elaborative rehearsal

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encoding the list of letters by relating it to something that you already know

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memory process

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encoding
storage
retrieval

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retrieval

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3rd memory process

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retrieval

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locating and returning stored info to consciousness

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retrieal cues

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prompt that can be used to trigger the recovery of a memory in storage

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interferences

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not encoding the list in a useful way
not entering the encoded info into storage
stored the info but lacked the proper cues for eecoding the phrase

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memory

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is the process by which information is encoded
stored and
retrieved

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________ is the transforming of info so that we can remember it

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encoding

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one way of storing info is by ____________ rehearsal or by mentally repeating it

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maintenance rehearsal

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another way of storing info is by __________ rehearsal when we relate new info to things we already know

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elaborative rehearsal

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atkinson shiffrin model of

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memory

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atkinson shiffrin model of memory

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3 stages of memory and suggested that the progress of info through these stages determines whether it is retained
sensory memory
short term memory
long term memory

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saccadic eye movements

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rapid jumps made by a persons eyes as they fixate on different points

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sensory memory

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stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus
series of perceptions are psychologically continious

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memory trace

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change in nervous system that reflects the impression made b a stimulus
held in sensory registers

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sensory register

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system of memory that holds info briefly but long enough so that if can be processed further

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may be sensory register for

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every sense

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sperling

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modified mcdougalls experiment method of showing peopel twelve letters ina row for single eye fixation

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mcdougall

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difference what people can see and what they can report

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mcdougall

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whole report procedure - people were asked to report ever letter they saw in the array

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sperling

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partial report procedure- report contents of one of the three rows of letters

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whole report

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mcdougall

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partial report

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sperling

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icons

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mental representations of visual stimuli

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sensory register that holds incons is ___________ memory

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iconic

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iconic memory

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sensory memory
accurate photographic memories
sensor register that breifly holds mental representations of visual stimuli

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eidetic imagery

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maintanance of detailed visual memories over several memories
more than photographic memory

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iconic memory and saccadic eye movements

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fluidity in visual

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echoic memory

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the sensory register that holds echoes

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echoes

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mental representations of sounds

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auditory stimuli lasts___________ than visual stimuli

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longer

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short term memory

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type of memory where you can hold info for up to a minute or so after the stimulus decays
WORKING MEMORY

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working memory

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short term memory

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serial position effect

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tendancy to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series

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primacy effect

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tendency to recall the initial items in a series of items

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recency effect

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tendency to recall the last items in a series of items

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chunks

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info that must be kept in short term memory
group of stimuli that is perceived as a discrete piece of info

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miller noted

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we are comfortable ith 7 integers

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7 is

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magic number

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rote

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mechanical associative learning that is based on repetition
ex learning the alphabet

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petersons demonstrated how

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prevention of rehearsal can mess with short term memory
college students

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displaces

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in memory theory
to cause info to be lost from short term memory by adding new info

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long term memory

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third stage of information processing
stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage

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repression

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frueds psychodynamic theory
the ejection of anxiety evoking ideas from conscious awareness

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some memories are lost because

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lack of proper cues
kept unconscious y the forces of repression

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loftus notes

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our memories are distorted by our biases and needs

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schemas

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way of mentally representing the world such as a belief or expectation that can influence perception of persons, object and situations

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loftus

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shows that people may reconstruct their experiences according to their prejudices

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your long term memory is a

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biochemial hard drive with no known limits on the terabytes of information it can store

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the levels of processing model of memory

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craik and lockhart
memories end to endure when info is processed deeply

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deeply processed

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attended to encoded carully
pondered
related to things we already know

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remembering relies on how

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deeply people process

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deep processing requires

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sustained attention

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flasbulb memories

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highly detailed memory
strongly emotional
distinct
ex: 911, death of a loved one

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hierarchical structure

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we tend to organize this way

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tip of the tongue phonomoenon

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feeling of knowing experience

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TOT

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feeling that info is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved

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context depenent memory

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information that is better retrieve in the context in which it was encoded and stored
study in room where you will take test

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state dependant memory

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context that is better retrieved in the physicological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored in

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the atkinson shiffrin model hypthesizs three stages of memory

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sensory
short term
long term

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the mental representations of visual stimuli are reffered to as ________

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icon

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_______________ imagery is the ability to retain exact mental representations of visual stimuli over lon amounts of time

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eidetic

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according to the ___________ position effect we are most likely to recall the first and last items in a series

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serial

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the petersons showed that info can be displaced form short term memory by means of

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rehearsal

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loftus and other pscyhologists have shown that we ____ our memories according to our schemas

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catagorize

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detailed memories of surprising important and emotional events are termed

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flashbulb memories

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the ________ of the tongue phenomenon is most likely due to incomplete learning

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tip

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____________dependant memory refers to information that is better retreived under the circumstances in which it was encoded and stored

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context

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nonsense syllables

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two consonants witha owel in between used to study memory

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ebbinghaus study

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memory and forgetgn with nonsense syllables

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memory tasks used in measuring forettin

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recognition
recall
relearning

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recongnition

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easiest memory task
involving identification of ovjects or events encountered before

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recall

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reconsctruction of learned material

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paired associates

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nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measrue recall

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relearning

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measure of retention
material is usually relearned more quickly than it is learned initially

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method of savings

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measure of retention
number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed is calculated

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savings

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the difference between the number of repeitions origniallly to when relearning

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interference theory

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newly learned material interferes with short and long term memory

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interference

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retroactive
proactive

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retroactive interference

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new learning intereferes with the retrival of old learning

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proactive interference

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older learning interferes with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material

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repression

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to frued is the ejection of painful memories and unacceptable urges from conscious awareness

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dissociative amnesia

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amnesia thought to stem from pscyhological conflict or trauma

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hippocampus

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structure in the limbic system that plays an important role in the formation of new memories

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anterograde amnesia

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memory lapses for the period following a truama such as a electric shock or operation
failure to remember events that occurred after physcial trauma because fo the effects of the trauma
50 first dates

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you cannot form new memoreis after part of the

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hippocampus is surgically removed

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retrograde amnesia

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trauma prevents people from remembering events that took place before the accident

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ebbinghaus origninated the use of _______ syllables in the study of memory and forgetting

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nonsense

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according to ebbinhauses classic curbe of forgetting recollection drops ________ during the first hour after learrning a list

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sharply

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in ___________ interference new learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning

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retroactive interference

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in ____________ intereference older learning interferes with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material

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proactive

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infantile amnesia proably reflects alck of language and immaturity of the brain structure called the

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hippocampus

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in ____________amnesia there are memory lapses for the period following a traumatic event

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anterograde

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in _______ amnesia the source of trauma prevents people from remembering events that took place before hand

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retrograde

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engram

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electrical cicuits in the brain that corresponded to memoy traces

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long term potential

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enhanced efficiency in synaptic transmission that follows brief rapid stimulation

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chemicals in memory

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serotonin
actycholine
glutamate
adrenaline and noradrenaline
vasopressin
estrogen and testosteone

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sensory cortex

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where the brain stores parts of memories in the appropriate aresas

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sights are stored in the

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visual cortex

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sounds in

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auditory cortex

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hippocampus is vital for storing

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new info
not storage bin

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experience enhances the avenues of communication among brain cells by development of dendrites and ______________

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?

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conditioning of sea snails causes more of the neurtransmitter ________ to be relased at certiain synapses making transmission at these synapses more efficient

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serotonin

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the hippocampus appears bital to the storage of ____ info

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new

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the __________ seems to be involved in the formation of verbal memories

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thalamus

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the prefrontol cortez is the

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exeutive center in memory