Psychology Chapter 6

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

The ability to store and retrieve information over time

Front 2

Encoding

Back 2

The process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

Front 3

Storage

Back 3

The process of maintaining information in memroy over time

Front 4

Retrieval

Back 4

The process of bringing to mind informtion that has been previously encoded and stored

Front 5

Elaborative encoding

Back 5

The process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory.

Three examples of this are semantic judgement, rhyme judgment, and visual judgment

Front 6

Visual imagery encoding

Back 6

The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

Front 7

Organizational encoding

Back 7

The process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

Front 8

Chunking

Back 8

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memroy

Front 9

working memory

Back 9

Active maintenance of information in short-term storage

Front 10

Long-term memory

Back 10

A type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, r years,

Front 11

Anterograde amnesia

Back 11

The inability to transfer new information from the short term store into the long-term store

Front 12

Retrograde amnesia

Back 12

The inability to retrieve information that was acquire before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation

Front 13

Consolidation

Back 13

The process by which memories become stble in the brain

Front 14

Reconsolidation

Back 14

The process by which memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to become consolidated again.

Front 15

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Back 15

A process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier

Front 16

NMDA receptor

Back 16

A receptor site on the hippocampus that influences the flow of information between neurons by controlling the initiation of long-term potentiation

Front 17

Retrieval cue

Back 17

External information that helps bring stored information to the mind

Front 18

Encoding specificity principle

Back 18

The idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded

Front 19

State-dependent retrieval

Back 19

The tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

Front 20

Transfer-appropriate processing

Back 20

The idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding contexts of the situations match

Front 21

Retrieval-induced forgetting

Back 21

A process whereby retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

Front 22

Explicit memory

Back 22

The act of Consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences. There are two types: semantic and episodic.

Front 23

Implicit memory

Back 23

The influence of past experiences on later behavior even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection

Front 24

Procedural memory

Back 24

The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things

Front 25

Priming

Back 25

An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus

Front 26

Semantic memory

Back 26

A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world.

The best method of elaborative encoding

Front 27

Episodic memory

Back 27

The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

Front 28

Absentmindedness

Back 28

A lapse in attention that results in memory failure

Front 29

Prospective memory

Back 29

Remembering to do things in the future

Front 30

Blocking

Back 30

A failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

Front 31

Memory Misattribution

Back 31

Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

Front 32

Source memory

Back 32

Recall of when, where and how information was acquired

Front 33

False recognition

Back 33

A feeling of familiarity about something that has not been encountered before

Front 34

Suggestibility

Back 34

The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

Front 35

Bias

Back 35

The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

Front 36

Persistence

Back 36

The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

Front 37

Flashbulb memories

Back 37

Detailed recollection of when and where we heard about shocking events

Front 38

Serial position effect

Back 38

Effect that people will be more likely to remember the first and last items of a list than the items in the middle

Front 39

Sensory memory store

Back 39

The place in which sensory memory is kept for a few seconds or less

Front 40

Iconic memory

Back 40

The sensory memory pertaining to sight

Front 41

Echoic memory

Back 41

The sensory memory pertaining to sound

Front 42

Short-term memory store

Back 42

A place where non-sensory information is kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute.

It can hold about 7 bits of information at one time

Front 43

Rehearsal

Back 43

The review or practice of material

Front 44

Transience

Back 44

Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time. It occurs during the storage phase of memory, and it involves a gradual switch from specific to general memory

Front 45

Consistency bias

Back 45

Reconstruct past to fit present

Front 46

Change bias

Back 46

Exaggerate differences between what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past

Front 47

Egocentric bias

Back 47

Exaggerate the change between past and present in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect