Psychology Chapter 6

Front 1

Learning

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is a process that depends on experience and leads to long-term changes in behavior potential. Behavior potential designates the possible behavior of an individual, not actual behavior.

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Behaviorism

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the theory or doctrine that human or animal psychology can be accurately studied only through the examination and analysis of objectively observable and quantifiable behavioral events, in contrast with subjective mental states.

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Associative Learning

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Learning that occurs when we make a connection with two events, they can either be the same or totally different

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Observational Learning

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Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior

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Classical Conditioning

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learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit the same response

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Unconditioned Stimulus UCS

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A stimulus that produces a response without the need for prior learning

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Unconditioned Response UCR

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An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

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Conditioned Stimulus CS

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A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditional stimulus

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Conditioned Response CR

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The learned response to conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned-stimulus-unconditioned-stimulus pairing

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Acquisition

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The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired

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Generalization( In classical conditioning)

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The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response

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Discrimination(In classical conditioning

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The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others

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Extinction(In classical Conditioning

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The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent

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Spontaneous Recovery

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The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning

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Renewal

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The recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context

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Counter-Conditioning

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A classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response

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Aversive Conditioning

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A form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus

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Habituation

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Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations

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Operant Conditioning

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Also called instrumental conditioning a form of associative learning in which the consequences of behavior change the probability of the behaviors occurrence

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Law Of Effect

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Thorndikes law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened

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Shaping

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Rewarding approximations of desired behavior

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Reinforcement

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The process by which a rewarding stimulus or event (A REINFORCER) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again

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Positive Reinforcement

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An increase in the frequency of a behavior in response to the subsequent presentation of something that is good

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Negative Reinforcement

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An increase in the frequency of a behavior in response to the subsequent removal of something that is unpleasant

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Avoidance Learning

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An organisms learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response

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Learned Helplessness

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An organisms learning through experience with unavoidable negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes

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Primary Reinforcer

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A reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organisms part to make it pleasurable

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Secondary Reinforcer

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A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organisms experience; a secondary reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer

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Generalization( In operant conditioning

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Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation

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Discrimination( In operant Conditioning

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Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced

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Extinction(In Operant Conditioning

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Decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced

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Schedules of Reinforcement

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Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced

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Punishment

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A consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur

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Positive Punisment

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The presentation of an unpleasant stimulis following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior

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Negative Punishment

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The removal of a positive stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior

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Applied Behavior Analysis

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Also called behavior modification, the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior

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Latent Learning

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Also callled implicit learning, unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior

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Insight Learning

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A form of problem solving in which the organisms develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problems solution

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Instinctive Drift

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The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning

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Preparedness

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The species specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others