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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
learning
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the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior
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conditioning
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the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli
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classical (or Pavlovian) conditioning
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the type of learning in which a response naturally elicited by one stimulus comes to be elicited by a different, formerly neutral stimulus
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operant (or instrumental) conditioning
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the type of learning in which behaviors are emitted (in the presence of specific stimuli) to earn rewards or avoid punishments
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unconditioned stimulus (US)
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a stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way
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unconditioned response (UR)
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a response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs
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conditioned stimulus (CS)
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an originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone
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conditioned response (CR)
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after conditioning, the response an organism produces when only a conditioned stimulus is presented
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desensitization therapy
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a conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation
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conditioned food (or taste) aversion
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conditioned avoidance of certain foods even if there is only one pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
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operant behavior
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behavior designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant
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reinforcer
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a stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
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punisher
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a stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
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law of effect
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Thorndikes theory that behavior consistently rewarded will be stamped in as learned behavior, and behavior that brings about discomfort will be stamped out (also known as the principle of reinforcement)
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positive reinforcer
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any event whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur
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negative reinforcer
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any event whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur
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punishment
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any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur
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avoidance training
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learning a desirable behavior to prevent the occurrence of something unpleasant such as punishment
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learned helplessness
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failure to take steps to avoid or escape an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli
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response acquisition
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the building phase of conditioning during which the likelihood or strength of the desired response increases
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intermittent pairing
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pairing the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus on only a portion of the learning trials
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Skinner box
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a box often used in operant conditioning of animals, which limits the available response and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur
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shaping
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reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior
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extinction
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a decrease in the strength of frequency of a learned response because of failure to continue pairing the US and CS (classical conditioning) or withholding of reinforcement (operant conditioning)
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spontaneous recovery
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the reappearance of an extinguished response after the passage of time, without further training
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stimulus generalization
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the transfer of a learned response to different but similar stimuli
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stimulus discrimination
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learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit the response of all other stimuli
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response generalization
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giving a response that is somewhat different from the response originally learned to that stimulus
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higher-order conditioning
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conditioning based on previous learning; the conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for further training
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primary reinforcer
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a reinforcer that is rewarding in itself, such as food, water, and sex
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secondary reinforcer
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a reinforcer whose value is acquired through association with other primary or secondary reinforcers
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contingency
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a reliable if-then relationship between two events such as a CS and a US
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blocking
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a process whereby prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a second stimulus even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously
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schedule of reinforcement
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in operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often reinforcers will be delivered
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fixed-interval schedule
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a reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed length of time since the last reinforcement
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variable-interval schedule
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a reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after varying lengths of time following the last reinforcement
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fixed-ration schedule
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a reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed number of correct responses
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variable-ratio schedule
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a reinforcement schedule in which a varying number of correct responses must occur before reinforcement is presented
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biofeedback
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a technique that uses monitoring devices to provide precise information about internal physiological processes, such as heart rate or blood pressure, to teach people to gain voluntary control over these functions
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cognitive learning
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learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable
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latent learning
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learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change
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cognitive map
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a learned mental image of a spatial environment that may be called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change
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insight
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learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the elements of a problem
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learning set
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the ability to become increasingly more effective in solving problems as more problems are solved
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social learning theory
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a view of learning that emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without firsthand experience by the learner
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observational (or vicarious) learning
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learning by observing other peoples behavior
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vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment
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reinforcement or punishment experienced by models that affects the willingness of others to perform the behaviors they learned by observing those models
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