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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What two processes make up our experiences? |
Sensation and perception |
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Sensation |
Our sense organs detection and response to external stimulus energy and the transmission of those responses to the brain |
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Perception |
The brains processing of detected signals, resulting in internal representation of the stimuli that form a conscious experience of the world |
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What we _______ is the result of how we _____. |
Sense Perceive |
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Sensory coding |
Sensory receptors translate the physical properties of the stimuli into patterns of neural impulses |
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Transduction |
Chemical/electrical signal |
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Taste |
Stimuli: Molecules dissolved in fluid on the tongue Receptors: Cells in taste buds on the tongue Pathway to the brain: Portions of facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves |
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Smell |
Stimuli: Molecules dissolved in fluid on mucous membranes in the nose Receptors: Sensitive ends of olfactory neurons in the mucous membranes Pathway to the brain: Olfactory nerve |
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Touch |
Stimuli: Pressure on the skin Receptors: Sensitive ends of touch neurons in skin Pathway to the brain: Cranial nerves for touch above the neck,spinal nerves for touch elsewhere |
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Hearing |
Stimuli: Sound waves Receptors: Pressure-sensitive hair cells in cochlea of inner ear Pathways to the brain: Auditory nerve |
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Vision |
Stimuli: Light wave Receptors: Light-sensitive rods and cones in retina of eye Pathway to the brain: Optic nerve |
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Synesthesia |
Stimulation of one sensory pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory pathway |
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Cross-sensory experiences |
Taste color Smell shapes See sounds |
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Psychophysics |
Studies the relationship between the worlds physical properties and how we sense and perceive them -our psychological experiences of physical stimuli -mathematical predication of behavior |
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Absolute threshold (Minimum stimulus) |
Smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for it to be detected (50% of time) |
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Difference threshold |
Smallest level of added (or reduced) stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred |
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Weber’s law |
Amounts needed to detect change- is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus |
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Sensory Adaption |
An adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli |
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Gustation |
Sweet Sour Salty Bitter (Umami) |
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Taste buds |
Stimulated taste buds send signals to the brain which then produces the experience of taste |
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Olfaction |
Sense of smell is sparked when the molecules of a substance enter the nasal passage Basic process: Odorants pass into the nose and nasal cavity Contacts a thin layer of tissue embedded with smell receptors called the olfactory epithelium Smell receptors transmit information to the olfactory bulb, the brain center for smell Has the most direct route to the brain |
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Olfactory epithelium |
Thin layer of tissue embedded with smell receptors |
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Olfactory bulb |
The brain center for smell |
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________ intensity is processed in brain area also involved in emotion and memory |
Smell’s |
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Haptic sense |
Sense of touch Fast fiber -shark immediate pain Slow fiber -slow, dull, burning |
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Substance P |
Message of pain |
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Sound |
Movement of air molecules brought by source of vibration |
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Frequency: pitch |
Number of wave cycles that occur in a second Smaller ear structures are able to detect higher pitch sounds Difference in basilar membrane |
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Amplitude |
Decibels |
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Light waves |
Most of the scientific study of sensation and of perception is concerned with vision Very little of what we call seeing takes place in the eyes, but rather as a result of constructive processing that occurs throughout much of the brain |
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Vision basic parts |
Lens: bends light Forms image on retina: Photoreceptors: -rods/cones -converts wave in electrical impulse/neural signal |
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Fovea |
No rods |
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Ganglion cell |
Generates action potential First neurons in visual pathway - sends down optic nerve through thalamus to visual cortex |
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The retina has two types of receptor cells? |
Rods and cones |
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Rods: |
respond at extremely low levels of illumination; responsible primarily for night vision; found on outer edges of the retina |
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Cons: |
Less sensitive to low levels of lights; responsible primarily for vision under high illumination and for seeing both color and detail; found throughout the retina but concentrated at the fovea |
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Processing the visual message |
Takes place in the visual cortex of the brain -information from the right visual field goes to the left portion, the left thalamus, and to the left visual cortex |
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Trichromatic theory of color vision |
Suggest that there are three kinds of cones in the retina Violet-blue colors Green-yellow colors Orange-red colors |
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Opponent-process theory of color vision |
Receptor cells are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other |
Blue-yellow Red-Green Black-White |
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Bipolar/Ganglion Cells |
When one member of the pair is “fatigued”, inhibition of its corresponding pair is reduced. This increases the activity level of the unfatigued pair member and results in the color being perceived (Explains afterimages) |
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Kinesthetic sense |
Similar to sense of touch Receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints Coordinate voluntary movements Perception of movements in our bodies |
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Vestibular sense |
Uses sense from inner ear Perception of balance Inner ear - infections lead to dizziness/ balance |
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Gestalt principle of organization |
Series of principles that focus on the ways we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes |
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Reversible figure illusion |
Figure vs. ground |
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Top-down processing |
Perception is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations |
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Bottom-up processing |
Consist of the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole |
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Proximity & Similarity |
Principle of proximity - closer two figures are to each other, the more likely we are to group them and see them as part of the same object |
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“Best” forms |
Good continuation- intersecting lines as continuous Closure - complete figures that have gaps |
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Ames boxes |
Adelbert Ames (1940s) Depth illusion |
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Perceiving deprh |
Locating objects in space |
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Binocular cues |
(Works best with close objects) Determines depth based on objects projection to each eye ( each eye view world slightly differently) |
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Binocular disparity |
Each eye receives a different image Uses disparity of objects to determine depth |
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Monocular cues |
Cues avails to each eye alone When you close one eye you can still determine depth |
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Neurons specialize in detecting movement |
German women damages area of brain critical for motion perception so she saw world As snapshots rather then moving images she could perceive objects and color but not movements |
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Stroboscopic motion |
Movies are made up of still-frame images presented so close together to creat illusion of motion picture |
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Motion aftereffect |
After gazing at movement a still object appears to move in opposite direction Direction-specific neurons become fatigue and less sensitive- other direction neurons more active |
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