Psychology Chapter 4 Terms

Front 1

Classical conditioning

Back 1

acquiring a new response (the conditioned response) to a previously neutral stimulaus (the conditioned stimulus) that reliably signals the arrival of an unconditioned stimulus.

Front 2

Reflex

Back 2

A stimulus response pair in which the stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) automatically elicits the response (the undonditioned response)

Front 3

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Back 3

the stimulus in a relflex that automatically elicits an unconditioned response.

Front 4

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Back 4

The response in a reflex that is automatically elicited by the unconditinoed stimulus.

Front 5

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 5

The stimulus that comes to elicit a new response (CR) in classical conditioning

Front 6

Conditioned respons (CR)

Back 6

the response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning.

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Delayed conditioning

Back 7

a classical conditioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stiumuls and remains present until afte the US is presented so that the two stimuli occur together.

Front 8

trace conditioning

Back 8

a classical conditioning prececure in which the conditioned stimuls precedes the US but is removed before the US is presented so the two stimuli do not occur together.

Front 9

Acquisition

Back 9

Acquiring a new response (CR) to the CS

Front 10

Extinction

Back 10

classical conditioning a partial recoveriy in strength of the CR following a break during extinction training.

Front 11

Stimulus Generalization

Back 11

(classical conditioning) the elicitiaton of the CR to stimuli that are similar to the CS. The more similar the stimulus is to the CS, the stronger the response.

Front 12

Stimulus Discrimination

Back 12

(classical conditioning) the elicitation of the CR only by the CS or only by the samll set of hightly simliar stimuli that includes the CS.

Front 13

operant conditioning

Back 13

learning to associate behaviors with their consequences. behaviors that are reinfored (lead to be satisfying consequences) will be strengthened , and behaviors that are punished (lead to unsatisfuing consequences) will be welcomed.

Front 14

law of effect

Back 14

a principle developed by edward thornedike that says that any behavior that results in satisfying consequences tends to be repeated and that any behavior that results in unsatisfying consequences tends not to be repeated.

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reinforcer

Back 15

a stimulus that increases the probability of a prior response

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punisher

Back 16

a stimulus that decreases the probability of a prior response

Front 17

reinforcement

Back 17

the process by which the probability of a response is increaseed by the presentation of a reinforcer.

Front 18

punishment

Back 18

the process by which the probablility of a response is decreased by the presentation of ta punisher

Front 19

appetitive stimulus

Back 19

a stimulus that is pleasant

Front 20

aversive stimulus

Back 20

a stimulus that is unpleasant

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positive reinforcement

Back 21

reinforcement in which the appetitive stimulus is presented

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positive punishment

Back 22

punishment in which an aversive stimulus is presented

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negative reinforcement

Back 23

reinforcemtn in which an aversive stimulus is removed

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negative punishment

Back 24

punishment in which an appetitive stimulus is removed

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primary reinforcer

Back 25

a stimulus that is innnately reinforcing

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secondary reinforcer

Back 26

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing property through learning

Front 27

behavior modification

Back 27

the application of classical and operant condidtioning princicples to eliminate undesircable behavior and to teach more desirable behavior

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fised interval schedule

Back 28

a partial schedule of reinforcement in which a reinsforcer is delivered after the reirst response is fiven once a set interval of time has elapsed.

Front 29

variable-interval schedule

Back 29

a partial schedule of reinforcemtn in which the time that must elapse on each trial before a response will lead to the delivery of a reinsforcer varies from trial to trial but averages to aset time across trials

Front 30

motivation

Back 30

the set of internal and external factors that energize our behavior and direct it toward goals.

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drive reduction theory

Back 31

a theory of motivation which proposes that our behavior is motivated to reduce drives (bodily tension states) created by unsatisfied bodily needs to return the body to a balanced internal state.

Front 32

incentive theory

Back 32

at theroy of motivation which proposes that our bhavior is motivated by incentives, external stimuli that we have learned to associate with reincforcement .

Front 33

arousal theory

Back 33

a theory of motivation which proposes that our behavior is motiated to maintain an optimal level of physiologyical arousal.

Front 34

Yerkes-Dodson law

Back 34

a law descirbing the relationship between the amouont of arousal and the performance quality ofn a task increasing arousal up to some optimal level increases performance quality ofn a task, but increasing arousal past this point is detrimental to performance.

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extinsic motivation

Back 35

the desire to perform a behavior for external reinforcement

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intrinsic motivation

Back 36

the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

Front 37

overjustification effect

Back 37

a decrease in an intrinsically motivated behavior after the behavior is extrinsically reinforced and then the reinforcemtn discontinued.

Front 38

instinctual drift

Back 38

the tendency for an animal to drift back from a learned operatnt response to an innate instincutal reponse to an object

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latent learning

Back 39

learning that occurs but is not demonstatred until there is incentive to do so

Front 40

observational learning (modeling)

Back 40

learning by observing other and imitating their behavior