Psychology Chapter 4

Front 1

stream of consciousness

Back 1

a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings

Front 2

metacognition

Back 2

the processes by which we think about thinking

Front 3

conciousness

Back 3

an individual's awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal

Front 4

arousal

Back 4

second part of consciousness, the physiological state of being engaged with the environment.

Front 5

controlled processes

Back 5

the most alert states of human consciousness, individuals actively focus their efforts toward a goal

require selective attention; ability to concentrate on a specific aspect or experience

Front 6

theory of mind

Back 6

refers to an individuals understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences.

Front 7

executive function

Back 7

refers to high-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving

Front 8

automatic processes

Back 8

are states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities. they require less conscious effort than controlled processes

Front 9

altered states of consciousness or awareness

Back 9

mental states that are noticeably different from normal awareness; losing ones sense of self-consciousness to hallucination.

Can be produced by: drugs: trauma, ever, fatigue, sensory deprivation, mediation, hyponsis

Front 10

incubation

Back 10

the subconscious processing that leads to a solution to a problem after a break from conscious thought about the problem

Front 11

unconscious thought

Back 11

according to freud, is a reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness.

vile thoughts and impulses

Front 12

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Back 12

a small briain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with daily cycle of light and dark, the bodys way of monitoring the change from day to night

Front 13

4 needs for sleep

Back 13

• animals need to protect themselves at night. prevent injury from poor visibility
• conserve energy, calories, when food is scarce.
• it is restorative, replenishes, and rebuilds brain and body, helps cells and proteins .
• enhances synaptic connections between neurons, enhances memory
• (cycles of sleep last 90-100minutes, and can reoccur several times a night)

Front 14

wakeful stages

Back 14

beta waves and alpha waves

Front 15

Beta waves

Back 15

wakeful stage. reflects concentration and alertness

highest frequency and lowest amplitude

desynchronous- inconsistent pattern

Front 16

Alpha waves

Back 16

wakeful stage. relaxation or drowsiness.

brain waves slow down, increase in amplitude and become more synchronous- regular

Front 17

Stage 1 of sleep

Back 17

drowsy sleep, with myoclonic jerks- sudden muscle movements. theta waves

Front 18

Stage 2 of sleep

Back 18

muscle activity decreases, no longer aware of environment, theta waves continue.

sleep spindles- involve sudden increase of wave frequency. if awaken, one might report they were never sleeping 60% of our sleep is in this stage

Front 19

Stage 3 and 4 of sleep

Back 19

Delta waves. slowest highest-amp brain waves

stage 3 is characterized by delta waves occurring less than 50% of the time and stage 4 is characterized by delta waves occurring more than 50% of the time. our deepest sleep, difficult to wake up, usually when people sleep talk, sleep walk and wet the bed. 20% of our sleep is in this stage. the amount of deep sleep is greater in the beginning of our sleep.

Front 20

REM sleep

Back 20

active stage of sleep, when dreams occur. plays a role in memory. most of this sleep occurs at the end of sleep stage, can be 10mins in the beginning of sleep then one hour at the end of the sleep. 20% of our sleep is in this stage

Front 21

Neurotransmitters and sleep cycle

Back 21

when sleep begins levels of neutrotransmitters sent to the forebrain from the reticular formation start dropping untill deepest sleep stage, stage 4. REM sleep is initiated by a rise of acetylcholine which activates the cerebral cortex while the rest of the brain is inactive. REM sleep ends when there is a rise of serotonin and norepinephrine which increases the level of forebrain activity nearly to awaken state. if you do not wake up after REM sleep the level of neurotransmitters falls again and you enter another sleep cycle.