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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sensation |
- Process of detecting stimuli from environment and from within the body - Few individual differences |
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Perception |
- The process of interpreting sensory info - Large individual differences |
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Sensory Input |
- Sensation begins when a stimulus interacts with our biological sensory system |
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Stimulus |
Sensory input that elicits a reaction |
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Transduction |
- Translation of incoming sensory info into neural signals - Sent to brain for processing - Sensory system is sensitive to change |
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Adaptive |
- Tendency to pay less attention to unchanging stimuli |
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We must______sensory input |
multitask |
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Bottom-up Processing |
- Taking simple info and building more complex perception I 3 |
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Top-down Processing |
- We use previous knowledge to process and image |
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Absolute Threshold |
- Smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected |
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Difference Threshold |
- Smallest detectable difference between two stimuli (Increase weight=harder to detect change) |
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Cornea |
Bends light to form image on back of the eye |
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Pupil |
Light then enters the pupil. Size of opening controlled by the muscle of the iris(contracts/expands depending on light) |
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Lens |
Clear structure behind pupil that bends light to the retina |
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Retina |
Located in back of the eye. Several layers of visual processing cells |
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Photoreceptors in Retina |
- Rods - Cones - Transmit info to optic nerve to the optic tracts to thalamus/hypothalamus (sleepwake) |
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Rods |
- Sensitive to light, allow us to see in dim light |
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Cones |
- Sharp images and color |
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Trichromacy Theory |
Existence of different cones to detect different wavelengths of light - Short = Blue - Medium = Green - Long = Red |
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Colorblindness |
- Individuals born with one type of cone or non Non=black and white and gray Missing 1 cone=can see colors but differently |
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Opponent Process Theory |
Opposing color channels in vision - Red-green - Blue-yellow Can't stimulate channels at same time (Picture in class) |
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Gestalt Psychology (Principles of Visual Perception) |
-Principle of figure-ground organization - Principle of proximity - Principle of similarity - Principle of continuity |
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Principle of figure-ground organization |
Separating and image into figure and background |
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Principle of Proximity |
Objects closer together tend to be grouped together |
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Principle of Similarity |
Similar objects tend to be grouped together |
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Principle of Continuity |
We assume points that form smooth lines should be connected |
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Depth Perception |
- Images projected on retina are two-dimensional - Depth perception is the ability to construct a 3D image - Depth perception - Monocular cues - Binocular cues |
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Monocular Cues |
- Depth cue that requires one eye - Occlusion - Relative size |
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Occlusion |
Blocking of closer objects |
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Relative Size |
Closer objects appear larger |
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Binocular cues |
- Depth cue that requires both eyes - Retinal Disparity |
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Retinal Disparity |
Differences between images in both eyes |
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Nearsighted |
- Elongated eyeballs interfering with distance vision |
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Farsighted |
- Shortened eyeballs interfering with close-up vision |
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Astigmatism |
Surface of cornea is uneven |
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Auditory Stimulus starts with |
- Audition starts with sound waves - Amplitude - Pitch |
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Amplitude |
- Height of the waves - Loudness (Taller=louder Shorter=softer) |
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Pitch |
- Frequency of the waves - High or low pitch (close together = high, far apart=low) |
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Ear |
Outer, middle, inner |
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Outer Ear |
- Pinna - Auditory Canal - Tympanic Membrane (eardrum) |
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Pinna |
Funnels sound into our ear |
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Auditory Canal |
Leads to eardrum |
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Tympanic Membrane (eardrum) |
Boundary between outer and inner ear |
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Middle Ear |
- Ossicles - Oval Window |
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Ossicles |
- Bones in middle ear - Translate sound from air in outer ear to fluid in inner ear |
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Oval Window |
Boundary between middle and inner ear |
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Inner ear |
- Cochlea : Basilar membrane, Organ of Corti = hair cells transmit information to auditory nerve |
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Prenatal Hearing |
- Fetuses can hear their mother's voice - 6 Months=Hearing approximates adult-level - 1 year = Reliably responding to name |
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Age-Related Hear Loss |
- After 30 = No sounds above 15,000Hz - After 50 = No sounds above 12,000Hz - After 70 = Difficulty with sounds above 600Hz |
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Hearing is shaped by experience |
- Sine-wave speech - American sign language and deaf culture has cultural implications |
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Vestibular System |
- Located in the inner ear - Provides info on body movement |
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Touch |
- Specialized receptors in skin and other organs - Pressure, vibration, stretch, pain - Transmit information to spinal cord, thalamus - Primary sensory cortex |
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Pain Receptors In Body |
- Sharp pain = myelinated axons - Dull pain = unmyelinated axons |
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How is Pain transmitted |
- Send signals through spinal cord to thalamus - Modified by competing signals |
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"Gate Theory" of Pain |
- Touch input competes with pain signals, dulls pain sensation |
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Olfaction (Smell) |
- Molecules in air activate olfactory receptors in nose - Replaced every 4-6 weeks - Carries info to olfactory nerve →olfactory bulb and cortex in frontal lobes - Processed near the amygdala |
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Close association between smell and... |
...emotion |
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Taste receptors on tongue |
Papillae - small bumps on tongue that contain taste buds |
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Our perception of smell depends on... |
... content |
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Perception of flavor requires both... |
...smell and taste - Reduced smell = Reduced taste - Both pathways converge in frontal cortex |
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Sociocultural Influences (taste) |
Role of experience - Maternal food influences infant preferences Food preferences are cultural |
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Platicity |
(ability for brain to change) = Phantom Limb Pain |
