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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The range within which the true population mean lies, with 95% certainty
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95% confidence interval
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An observer who can record data without knowing what the researcher has predicted
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blind observer
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The obligation to present evidence to support one's claim
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burden of proof
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A thorough description of a single individual, including information on both past experiences and current behavior
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case history
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A group treated in the same way as the expereimental group except for the procedure that the experiment is designed to test
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control group
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A group chosen because of its case of study
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convenience sample
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A measure of the relationship between two variables, which are both outside the investigator's control
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correlation
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A mathematical estimate of the relationship between two variables, ranging from +1 (perfect positive relationship) to 0 (no linear relationship) to -1 (perfect negative relationship)
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correlation coefficient
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A procedure in which investigators measure the correlation between two variables without controlling either of them
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correlational study
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Groups of people from at least two cultures
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cross-cultural samples
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Cues that tell a subject what is expected of him or her and what the experiementer hopes to find
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demand characteristics
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The item that an experimenter measures to determine how changes in the independent variable affect it
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dependent variable
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Mathematical summaries of results such as measures of the average and the amount of variation
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descriptive statistics
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A study in which neither the observer nor the subjects know which subjects received which treatment
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double-blind study
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A study in which the investigator manipulates at least one variable while measuring at least one other variable
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experiment
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The group that receives the treatment that an experiement is designed to teset
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experimental group
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The tendency of an experimenter to unintentionally distort procedures or results based on the experimenter's own expectations of the outcome of the study
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experimenter's bias
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The alleged ability of certain peple to acquire information without receiving any form of physical energy
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extrasensory perception (ESP)
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(with reference to a theory) making sufficiently precise predictions that we can at least imagine evidence that would contradict the thoery (if anyone had obtained such evidence)
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falsifiable
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A clear predictive statement
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hypothesis
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An apparent relationship based on casual observations of unrelated or weakly related events
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illusory correlation
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In an experiment the item that an experimenter manipulates to determine how it affects the dependent variable
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independent variable
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The process of inferring a general principle from observations
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induction
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Statements about large populations based on inferences from small samples
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inferential statistics
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A subject's agreement to take part in an experiment after being told what to expect
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informed consent
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The sum of all the scores reproted in a study divided by the total number of scores
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mean
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The middle score in a list of scores arranged from highest to lowest
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median
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A procedure that combines the results of many studies and analyzes them as though they were all one very large study
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meta-analysis
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The score that occrs most frequently in a distribution of scores
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mode
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A careful examination of what many people or nonhuman animals do under natural conditions
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naturalistic observation
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A symmetrical frequency of scores clustered around the mean
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normal distribution (or normal curve)
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A definition that specifies the operations (or procedures) used to produce or measure something, a way to give it a numerical value
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operational definition
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A expression meaning that teh probability of accidentally achieving results similar to the reported results is less than 5%
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p<.05
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(literally, stinginess) scientists' preference for the theory that explains the results using the simplest assumptions
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parsimony
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An interactive pill that has not known pharmacological effect on the subjects in an experiment
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placebo
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The entire group of individuals to be considered
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population
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A chance procedure for assigning subjects to groups so that every subject of being assigned to a particular group
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random assignment
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A group of people picked in random fashion so that every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected
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random sample
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A statement of the highest and lowest scores
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range
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A result that can be repeated (at least approximately) by any competent investigator who follows the same procedures used in the origianl study
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replicable result
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A selection of the population chosen to match the entire population with regard to specific variables
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representative sample
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A study in which either the observer or the subjects are unaware of which subjects received which treatment
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single-blind study
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A measurement of the amount of variation among scores in a normal distribution
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standard deviation (SD)
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Effects that have a low probability of having arisen by chance
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statistically significant (or statistically reliable) results
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A study of the prevalence of certain beliefs, sponses to specific questions
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survey
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A comprehensive explanation of observable events
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theory
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"sender" given photo or film and "receiver" in another room asked to describe sender's thoughts and images. "receiver" distracted by sight and sound and try to describe photo or film
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ganzfeld procedure
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