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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Empirism
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to describe the belief that accurate knowledge of the world requires observation of it
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Method
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a set of rules and techuniques for observation that allow observers to avoid the illusions, mistakes, and erroneous conclusions that simple observation can can produce.
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Operational Definition
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description of a property in measurable terms
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Measure
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device that can detect the events to which an operational definition refers.
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Electromyograph
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a device that measures muscle contractions under the surface of a person's skin
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Validity
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the characteristic of an observation that allows one to draw accurate inferences from it
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Reliability
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the tendency for a measure to produce different results when it is used to measure different things.
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Power
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the tendency for a measure to produce different results when it is used to measure different things.
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Case method
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a method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual
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Population
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the complete collection of objects or events that might be measured
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sample
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a partical collection of objects or events that is measured
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Demand characteristics
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those aspects of a setting that cause people to behave as they think an observer wants or expects them to behave.
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Naturalistic observation
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a technique for gathering scientific knowledge by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments.
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Double blind observation
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an observation whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the participant.
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Correlated
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the value of one is systematically related to the value of the other.
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Variable
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properties whos values can vary across individuals or over time
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Third Variable correlation
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two variables are correlated only because each is causally related to a third variable.
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Matched samples technique
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technique whereby each participant in a sample is identical to one other participant in that sample in terms of a third variable.
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Matched pairs technique
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a technique whereby each participant in a sample is identical to one other participant in that sample in terms of a third variable
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Third- Variable Problem
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a causal relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the naturally occuring correlation between them because of the ever-present possibility of third variable correlation.
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Experiment
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a technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables.
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independent variable
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it is under our control, and thus it is independent of what the participant says or does.
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experimental group
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the group of people who are treated in a particular way
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Control group
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the group of people who are not treated in this particular way.
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Dependent veriable
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the variable that is measured
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internal validity
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the characteristic of an experiment that allows one to draw accurate inferences about the causal relationship between an independent and dependent variable.
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External validity
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a property of an experiment in which variables have been operationally defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way.
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theroy
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a hypothetical account of how and why a phenomenon occurs, and a hypothesis is a testable prediction made by a theory.
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random sampling
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a technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.
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Informed Concent
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a written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail.
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Debriefing
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a verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study
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