Psychology Chapter 1

Front 1

hindsight bias

Back 1

tendency to believe, after learning an outcome that wone would have foreseen it

Front 2

critical thinking

Back 2

having a scientific attitude, scientific inquiry (curious skeptim and humility. not blindly accepting conclusions and arguments

Front 3

theory

Back 3

explains; thru a set a principles that organizes/predicts behaviors/events

Front 4

hypothesis

Back 4

testable prediction, often implied by the theory

Front 5

operational def

Back 5

statement of procedures, used to define research variables

Front 6

replication

Back 6

repeat the research with diff participatns, diff situations- to see accuracy/extension of the participants/circumstances

Front 7

case study

Back 7

descriptive; studying an individual in depth to reveal something about all. can suggest hypothesis and further studies; but potentially typical results may result in mistaken conclusions

Front 8

clinical research

Back 8

trials to evaluate the effectiveness and effects or certain variables (independent variables) on the dependent variables

Front 9

survey

Back 9

many cases, less in depth. report behavior in situation/opinion
-asking right question/wording/respondents

Front 10

false consensus effect

Back 10

tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

Front 11

social desirability bias

Back 11

participant bias: sci research that describes the tendency of respondents to reply in a manner that's viewed favorably by others

Front 12

population

Back 12

entire group to study/describe

Front 13

random sample

Back 13

sample that fairly represents a populaion- each member has equal chance of inclusion

Front 14

stratified sample

Back 14

proportional/quota random sampling- involes division of population (homogeneous subdivisions) then random sampling from each group

Front 15

naturalistic obsevation

Back 15

watch and record organisms in their natural environment; describes, does not explain

Front 16

correlation

Back 16

describing behavior and predicting; how two variables relate

Front 17

scatterplot

Back 17

each point plots the value of two variables

Front 18

correlation coefficient

Back 18

statistical measurement of relationship- how close they vary: "r"; positive or negative, 0.00-1.00 weak-strong

Front 19

r value

Back 19

correlation coefficient

Front 20

illusory correlation

Back 20

percieved nonexistent correlations- if theres a belief that a correlaion exists, then people are more likely to recall/notice instanes

Front 21

experiment

Back 21

resesarch; one or more factor is manipulated (ind variable) to observe the effect on some behavior/mental processes (depedent variable); all other factors remain constant

Front 22

double-blind procedure

Back 22

both research particip +staff are "blind" to which group is control/experimental; to avoid biases

Front 23

placebo effect

Back 23

think that they are recivng the independent variable; fake- but just like the real,will have no effects though

Front 24

hawthorne effect

Back 24

participant bias, individual knowing that they are being observed in an expriment/research

Front 25

experimental condition

Back 25

the procedure that is varied in order to estimate a variable's effect by comparison with a control condition

Front 26

control condition

Back 26

contrasts with experimental condition; serves as a comparison for evaluating efects

Front 27

random assignment

Back 27

for an experimental research control vs experimental group- out of the random sample, they all have an equal likelihood of being in either group

Front 28

independent variable

Back 28

self explan

Front 29

dependent variable

Back 29

self explan

Front 30

confounding variable

Back 30

any diff btwn experimental and control conditions that might affect the dependent variable, excluding the independent variable itself

Front 31

measures of central tendency

Back 31

single score that is representative of a whole set of scores- summary of data

Front 32

mode

Back 32

most freq occuring

Front 33

median

Back 33

midpt

Front 34

mean

Back 34

average; most common

Front 35

measures of variation

Back 35

variability and range ; distribution of scores

Front 36

range

Back 36

gap between lowest/highest

Front 37

standard deviation

Back 37

computed measure of how much the scores vary around teh median

Front 38

z score

Back 38

measure of disance of score from mean in units of standard dev.

Front 39

statistical significance

Back 39

how likely the obtained reults chance, when sample averages are reliable and the diff between the exper/control is relatively big, then the diff is statistically significant

Front 40

t-test

Back 40

probability that a correlation/difference between groups reflect a real relationship and not chance

Front 41

p value

Back 41

magnitude of diff found can never equal 0 (you cant be 100% positive); .05 is the cu off for statistical signifcance

Front 42

frequency histogram

Back 42

same as bar graph, but its a frequency in class intervals/categories

Front 43

mamie phipps clark and kenneth b clark

Back 43

research for brown v board relating to white/black psych

Front 44

informed consent

Back 44

participants must know they are involved in resarch and consent

Front 45

descriptve stats

Back 45

used to describe main dad in qualitative terms

Front 46

inferential stats

Back 46

statistical inferences with the use ofstates, random sampling to make inferences concerning some unknown; generalizing data

Front 47

clever hans

Back 47

necessity for double blind procedure; the horse and the master

Front 48

coercion

Back 48

participants cant be coerced in any way to participate in an experiment

Front 49

debriefing

Back 49

participants must be told the purpose of the study and provided with ways to contact researchers about study results

Front 50

p value

Back 50

magnitude of diff found can never equal 0 (you cant be 100% positive); .05 is the cu off for statistical signifcance

Front 51

frequency histogram

Back 51

same as bar graph, but its a frequency in class intervals/categories

Front 52

mamie phipps clark and kenneth b clark

Back 52

research for brown v board relating to white/black psych

Front 53

informed consent

Back 53

participants must know they are involved in resarch and consent

Front 54

descriptve stats

Back 54

used to describe main dad in qualitative terms

Front 55

inferential stats

Back 55

statistical inferences with the use ofstates, random sampling to make inferences concerning some unknown; generalizing data

Front 56

clever hans

Back 56

necessity for double blind procedure; the horse and the master

Front 57

coercion

Back 57

participants cant be coerced in any way to participate in an experiment

Front 58

debriefing

Back 58

participants must be told the purpose of the study and provided with ways to contact researchers about study results