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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are glial cells and their functions?
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structural support
insulate neurons helps supply nutrient to neurons help remove waste material from neurons 10X as many glial cells as neurons |
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Neurons: sensory, motor, and interneurons
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neuron: a nerve cell
sensory neuron: recoeves signals from outside the nervous system Motor neuron: carries info, from the nervous system to the muscles and glands Interneurons: communicates only with other neurons |
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What are: dendrites, cell body, axons, myelin sheath
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Dendrites recieve messages from other cells
Cell body (soma) the the cell's life support system Axon transmits the messages away from the cell body to other neurons, or to muscles, or to glands Myelin sheath is the fatty tissue encasing the fiber of many neurons. It speeds up transmission of neural message |
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What causes Multiple sclerosis (MS) ?
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Loss of Myelin Sheath
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What is an ion?
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Charged paritcles
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At rest, which side is more positive?
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Outside is positive
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What are action potentials?
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Brief reversal is an axon's electrical charge
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Fastest speed that a human action potential travels
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200 mph
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What is refractory period?
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Brief period (1~2 msec) after an action potential during which another action potential cannot occur.
Limits Action Potential to about 1000 per second |
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What is All-or-none transmission?
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Either the action potential occurs or it doesn't
all the same size |
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What are neurotransmitters?
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Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons
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What are Agonist?
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an active chemical, a fake neurotansmitter
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What are Antagonist
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Foreign chemical that fights neurotransmitter for receptor
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What is synapse?
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The junction between the axon tip of the sending neurons and the dendrite or the cell body of the receiving neuron
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What is synaptic gap?
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Tiny Gap at the junction
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What is receptor?
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Protein molecules on the dendrite or cell body of a neuron that interact only with specific neurotransmitters
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What is synaptic vesicles?
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Small sacs that store neurotransmitter
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What is reuptake?
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Neurotransmitter is transported back to sending neuron for recycling
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How are acetylecholine and voluntary muscles related?
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acetylecholine is the neurotransmitter between motor neurons and skeletal muscles. It's involved in attention, arousal, and memory
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Acetylecholine and Alzheimer's disease?
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Acetylecholine neurons die off in Alzheimer's disease.
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Dopamine, parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia
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Dopamine: involuntary movement
Parkinsons: Insufficient Dopamine Schizophrenia: Too much dopamine in some parts of the brain; involved with reward |
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Why is L-dopa used to treat Parkinsons?
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brain gets passed blood-brain barrier;it's synthesized into dopamine
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How are Prozac and serotonin related?
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Prozac is the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (ssRI)
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What are endorphins?
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Endogenous morphines. It reduces pain
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What is the peripheral nervous system? (What are nerves?)
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The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central NS to the rest of the body
Nerves are bundles of axons routed together through the peripheral NS |
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What is Somatic NS?
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Controls the body's skeletal muscles
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What is Autonomic NS?
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Controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs
It communicates with the endocrine system |
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Parasympathetic NS?
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Calms the body, conserving its energy
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Sympathetic NS
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Arouses the body mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. Fight or Flight situations
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Central NS
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The brain and spinal cord
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What is blood barrier?
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Enables the brain to fence out unwanted chemicals circulating in the blood.
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What is CT (computerized tomography), PET scan (Position Emission Tomography), MRI scan(Magnetic Resonance Imaging), fMRI scan (functional MRI)
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CT - shows structure, not activity
PET - shows activity MRI - Shows structure, not activity fMRI - shows activity |
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What is Medulla
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Controls heartbeat and breathing
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What is reticular formation
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Relays information to the upper part of the brain
involved in controlling hear beat, blood pressure, swallowing, urination, movements of face and tongue sleep and wakefulness and arousal |
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Thalamus
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sends sensory information to higher levels of the brain for processing (except the sense of smell)
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Cerebellum
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Coordinates voluntary movement
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Limbic system
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Involved in emotion, memory, and motivation. Amygdala - linked to emtion
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Hypothalamus
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controls pituitary glands
involved in hunger, thirst, body temperature, sexual behavior |
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Hippocampus
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Consolidating some types of memory
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Occipital Lobe
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Primary visual cortex
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Parietal Lobe
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Sensory cortex
Left hemisphere process the right side of the body |
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Frontal Lobe
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Motor cortex
Brocas area Prefrontal (Phineas Gage) |
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Temporal Lobe
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Primary auditory cortex
wenickes area - involved with the comprehension of speech |
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Aphasia
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Impaired use of language
Register at visual - angular gyrus - wernickes - broca's - motor cortex |
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Split-brain operation
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Two hemisphere are isolated by cutting to connecting fibers
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why is split brain operation performed?
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To reduce the effect of epilepsy
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Which hemisphere is language usually centered?
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Left hemisphere
90% for right handed 75% for left handed |
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What functions are associated with left hemisphere? right hemisphere?
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Left: Active with language, logic, math
Right: Spatial tasks, music, visual recognition |
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Is right brained and left brained a valid and reliable way to describe a person's personality?
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There are better ways to describe ability and personality than hemispherical differences
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What are neural networks
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interconnected neural cells. With experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. Computer simulations of neural networks show analogous learning.
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What is endocrine system?
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the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
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What are hormones?
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chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another.
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What is pituitary glands?
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the endocrine system's most influential glands. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
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