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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Developmental Psychology.
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Branch of psychology that studies how people change over time.
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What are the key themes of Developmental Psychology?
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-Patterns of growth/development that people share.
-Abrupt age -Interaction between heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) throughout development. |
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Define Abrupt Age.
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Stages people go through over the lifespan and the aspects of development that reflect slowly unfolding changes.
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Define Critical Periods.
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Periods during which a child is very sensitive to environmental influences.
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Define Zygote.
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The single cell that is formed at conception from the union of the egg cell and the sperm cell. (you begin your life as a zygote)
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Define Chromosome.
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Long structure made up of twisted parallel strands of DNA (found in the cell's nucleus)
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What is encoded in Chromosomes? What does each Chromosome have?
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-The genetic data you got from your biological parents.
-DNA |
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Define DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid).
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Stranded molecule that encodes genetic instructions (chemical basis of heredity).
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Define Genes.
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Unit of DNA on a chromosome that encodes instructions for making protein molecules.
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At fertilization your mother's egg and your father's sperm cell each give you 23 chromosomes equaling 46 total. These chromosomes repersent your....
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Genetic makeup / Genotype.
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Define Genotype.
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The genetic makeup of an individual.
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Define Human Genome.
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The complete set of DNA in a human.
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Define Alleles.
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One of the different forms of a particular gene.
Makes you unique ex. dominant-recessive |
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Define Phenotype.
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-Observable traits of an organism
-determined by interaction of genetics the environment. |
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Define the Prenatal Stage. What happens during the prenatal stage? What are the 3 stages the prenatal stage is divided into?
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Stage of development before birth.
The single celled zygote develops into a full term fetus. 1-Germinal 2-Embryonic 3-Fetal |
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1: Define the Germinal Period aka the Zygotic Period. What happens during the Germinal Period? What happens at the end of the Germinal Period?
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-First 2 weeks of Prenatal Development.
-During: the zygote undergoes rapid cell division and becomes attached to the wall of the uterus. -End: The single celled zygote has developed into a cluster of cells called the embryo. |
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2: Define the Embryonic Period. What happens during the Embryonic Period? What happens at the end of the Embryonic Period.
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-The 2nd period of prenatal development, from the 3rd week through to the 8th week.
-During: The organs and the major systems of the body form and the inital development of the sex organs. -End: The embryo has grown into an inch in length and looks human. |
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Define Tetaogens.
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Harmful substances that can cause defects in an embryo/fetus.
Example: bacteria, drugs, viruses. |
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3: Define the Fetal Period. What happens furing the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and final 2 months of the fetal period?
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-The 3rd and longest period of prenatal development, extending from the 9th weeks until birth.
-3rd month: fetus can move -4th month: mother experiences "quickening" (can feel fetus move) -5th month: all brain cells are present -6th month: fetus's brain activity similar to newborn -Final 2 months: Fetus 2x in weight by gaining body fat. |
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What are the Physical and Sensory capabilites (reflexes) that newborns are born with?
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-ROOTING REFLEX (touching a newborn's cheek---the infant turns towards source of touch and opens mouth)
-Touching newborn's lips envokes SUCKING REFLEX. -Putting your fingers inside a baby's palms the baby will respond with the GRASPING REFLEX--the baby will grip the fingers and can be lifted. |
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What senses do newborns have?
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1-Vision (least developed sense at birth)
2-Hearing 3-Smell 4-Touch |
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Explain how the brain develops after birth.
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-At birth brain is 25% of its adult weight wehn birth body weight is only 5% of adult weight.
-During infancy the brain will grow 75% of its adult weight and the body weight will grow 20% of its adult weight. |
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Define Temperament.
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-Inborn tendency to consistently behave/react in a certain way.
-Some babies are born fussy, calm, etc. |
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What did Alexander Thomas and Stella Chase discover about babies?
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-They said 2 thirds of babies could be classified into 1 of 3 temperamental patterns.
1-Easy: Adapt easy, positive, have regular sleep/eat patterns. 2-Difficult: Very emotional, cry a lot, irregular sleep and eat patterns. 3-Slow To Warm Up: Have low activity level, withdraw from situations. the other 1/2 of babies are average |
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Define Attachment.
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Emotional bond that forms between an infant and its caregivers.
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What are the 2 Temperament Terms of Reactivity?
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1-High-reactive infants (react intensely to new experiences, fearful)
2-Low-reactive infants (calm and sociable) |
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Define the Attachment Theory.
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Says an infant's ability to thrive physically and mentally depends on the quality of the attachment.
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What causes an infant to develop a secure attachment?
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When caregivers are consistently warm, responsive, and sensitive to their infants's needs.
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What causes an infant to develop an insecure attachment?
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When caregivers are neglectfult, inconsistent, or insensitive.
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What is attachment measured by? Who developed it? Who is it used on?
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-"Stange Situation"
-Mary D Salter Ainsworth. -Typically used with infants ages 1 and 2 yrs old. |
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What did the linguist Noam Chomsky say about language?
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"all childern are born with a biological predisposition to learn language and posess a 'universal grammar' (the can easily extract grammar rules from what they hear)"
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Define Motherese.
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High pitch, short sentences....its the talk that adults use with babies. Infants prefer Motherese to Adult speech.
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What is the 1st stage of language developemnt, What sounds do babies make at 3 months of age?
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Cooing (repeated vowel sounds 'ooo' 'aaah' and varying pitch)
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What is the 2nd stage of language development, What sounds do babies make at 5 months of age?
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Babble (adding constants to vowels 'ba-ba-ba' 'ma-ma-ma')
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What is the 3rd stage of language development, What sounds do babies make at 1 year old
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One Word Stage
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What is the 4th stage of language development, What sounds do babies make at 2 years old?
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2 word stage, beings putting words together.
where kitty? |
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What is the 5th and final stage of language development?
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Fully developed language comprehension/production.
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Define Gender.
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The cultural, social, and psychological meanings associated with masculinity and femininity.
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Define Gender Roles. At what age are childern able to identify/distinguish genders (not by sex organs but by hair, clothes, etc.)
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The behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits thats are designed to be either masculine or feminine in a given culture.
-Ages 2-3 |
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What are some gender differences that develop during childhood?
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1-Toddler girls play with soft toys and dolls and ask adults for help / Toddler boys play with trucks blocks and wagons and play more actively than girls
2-Age 3+ childern develop a preference for playing with members of the smae sex 3-Girls are less rigid than boys in sitcking to sterotypes. boys are rigid about playing with toys associated with their sex |
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What are the 2 theories that explain gender role development?
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1-Social Learning Theory of Gender Role Development
2-Gender Schema Theory |
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Define the Social Learning Theory of Gender Rolde Development.
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says gender roles are acquired through the basic learning processes---learning the appropriate beahviors for each gender.
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Define Gender Schema Theory.
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says gender role development is influenced by mental representations of masculinity and femininity.
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What are the 4 stages of Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development.
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-Says childern progress through 4 distinct cognitive stages.
1-Sensorimotor Stage 2-Preoperational Stage 3-Concrete Operational Stage 4-Formal Operational Stage |
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(1)Explain the Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development.
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-From birth to age 2
-Infant explores the environment and gathers knowledge through senses and motor activites -Characteristics: Development of Object Permanance. |
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Define Object Permanace.
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Understanding that an object continues to exist when it can no longer be seen.
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(2)Explain the Preoperational Stage.
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-From age 2 to 7
-Use of symbols and logical thought processes increase (active imagination) -Characteristics: Increasing use of Symbolic Thought, tendency for Egocentrism, Irreversability, Centration, and the ability to understand Conservation. |
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Define Symbolic Thought.
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Ability to use words, images, and symbols to represent the world.
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Define Egocentrism.
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Inability to take another person's point of view.
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Define Irriversibility.
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Ability to mentally reverse a sequence of events.
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Define Centration.
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Tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation and ignore other important aspects.
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Define Conservation.
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Understanding that 2 equal quantities remain equal even when rearranged.
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(3)Define the Concrete Operational Stage.
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-Age 7 to adolescene
-Child develops that ability to think logically -Characteristic: Less egocentric in thinking |
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(4)Define the Formal Operational Stage.
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-adolescene to adulthood
-Person acquires ability to think logically |
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Define the Zone of Proximal Development.
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The gap between what childern can accomplish on their own and what they can accomplish with the help of someone older.
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Define Adolescene.
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Transitional Stage between late childhood and the begining of adulthood. During sexual maturity is reached.
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Define Puberty.
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Stage of adolescene in which a kid reaches sexual maturity and becomes capable of reproduction.
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What are the 2 categories of physical changes of Puberty?
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1-Primary Sex Characteristics
2-Secondary Sex Characteristics |
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Define Primary Sex Characteristics.
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Sex organs directly involved in reproduction (uterus, ovaries, penis, testicles)
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Define Secondary Sex Characteristics.
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Sex characteristics that differentiate between sexes but are not involved directly with reproduction: male facial hair and female breasts.
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Define Adolescent Growth Spurt.
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Period of rapid growth during puberty.
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Define Menarche.
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Female's first period.
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Define Identity.
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A person's description of himself/herself .
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Define Menopause.
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Cease of menstration and end of reproductive capability.
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Define Activity Theory of Aging.
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Theory that life satisfaction in late adulthood is highest when people maintain a level of activity
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What are the 5 stages that people go through when they find out they are going to die, discovered by Elisabeth Kubler Ross?
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1-Deny
2-Anger 3-Bargain 4-Depressed 5-Accept |
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What are some problems with Kubler Ross's theory?
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-dying people do not always go through all those 5 stages
-dying is an individual process |
