Psychology Ch. 7

Front 1

The processes whereby we acquire and use knowledge

Back 1

cognition

Front 2

a flexible system of communication that uses sounds, rules, gestures, or symbols to convey information

Back 2

language

Front 3

the basic sounds that make up any language

Back 3

phonemes

Front 4

the smalles meaningful units of speech, such as simple words, prefixes, and suffixes

Back 4

morphemes

Front 5

the language rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language

Back 5

grammar

Front 6

a mental representation of a senory experience

Back 6

image

Front 7

mental categories for classifying objects, people, or experiences

Back 7

concepts

Front 8

according to Rosch, a mental model containing the most typical features of a concept

Back 8

prototype (or model)

Front 9

Whorf's idea that patterns of thinking are determined by the specific lanuage one speaks

Back 9

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Front 10

the belief that thought and experience are determined by language

Back 10

linguistic determinism

Front 11

sterotyped communications about an animals current state

Back 11

signs

Front 12

the first step in solving a problem; it involves interpreting or defining the problem

Back 12

problem representation

Front 13

thinking that meets the criteria of orginality, inventiveness, and flexiblity

Back 13

divergent thinking

Front 14

thinking that is directed toward one correct solution to a problem

Back 14

convergent thinking

Front 15

a step-by-step method of problem solving that guarantees a correct solution

Back 15

algorithm

Front 16

rules of thumb that help in simplifying and solving problems, although they do not guarantees a correct solution

Back 16

heuristics

Front 17

a heristic, problem-solving strategy in which each step moves you progressively closer to the final goal

Back 17

hill climbing

Front 18

intermediate, more manageable goals used in one heuristics strategy to make it easier to reac the final goal

Back 18

subgoals

Front 19

a heuristic strategy that aims to reduce the discrepancy beween the current situation and the desired goal at a number of intermediate points

Back 19

means-end analysis

Front 20

a heursitic strategy in which one works backward from the desired goal to the given conditions

Back 20

working backward

Front 21

the tendency to perceive and to approach problems in certain ways

Back 21

mental set

Front 22

the tendency to perceive only a limited number of uses for an object, thus interfering with the process of problem solving

Back 22

functional fixedness

Front 23

a problem-solving strategy in which an individual or a group produces numerous ideas and evaluates them only after all ideas have been collected

Back 23

brainstorming

Front 24

a rational decision-making model in which choices are systematically evaluatd on various criteria

Back 24

compensatory model

Front 25

a heuristic by which a new situatiion is judged on the basis of its resemblance to a stereotypical model

Back 25

representativeness

Front 26

a heuristic by which a judgement or decision is based on information that is most easily retrieved from memory

Back 26

availability

Front 27

the tendence to look for evidence in support of a belief and to ignore evidence that would disprove a belief

Back 27

confirmation bias

Front 28

the perspective from which we interpret information before making a decision

Back 28

framing

Front 29

the tendency to see outcomes as inevitable and predictable after we know the outcome

Back 29

hindsight bias

Front 30

thinking about alternative realities and things that never happened

Back 30

counterfactual thinking

Front 31

a general term referring to the ability or abilities involved in learning and adaptive behavior

Back 31

intelligence

Front 32

Sternberg's theory that intelligence involveds mental skills (analytical intelligence), insight and creative adaptability (creative intelligence), and environmental responsiveness (practical intelligence)

Back 32

triarchic theory of intelligence

Front 33

Howard Gardner's theory there is not one intelligence, but rather many intelligences, each of which is relatively independent of the other

Back 33

theory of multiple intelligences

Front 34

according to Goleman, a form of intelligence that refers to to how effectively people perceive and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others, and can regulate and manage their emotional behavior

Back 34

emotional intelligence

Front 35

a numerical value given to intelligence that s determied from the socres on an intelligence test on the basis of a score of 100 for average intelligence

Back 35

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Front 36

an individual intelligence test developed especially for adults; measures both verbal and performance abilities

Back 36

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Third Edition (WAIS-III)

Front 37

an individual intelligence test developed especially for schol aged children; measures verbal and performance abilities and also yields an overall IQ score

Back 37

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Third Edition (WISC-III)

Front 38

written intelligence tests administered by one examiner to many people at one time

Back 38

group tests

Front 39

intelligence tests that minimize the use of language

Back 39

performance tests

Front 40

intelligence tests designed to eliminate cultural bias by minimizing skills and values that vary from one culture to another

Back 40

culture-fair tests

Front 41

ability of a test to produce consistent and stable scores

Back 41

reliability

Front 42

a method of determining test reliability by dividing the test into two parts and checking the agreement of scores on both parts

Back 42

split-half reliability

Front 43

statistical measures of the degree of association between two variables

Back 43

correlation coefficients

Front 44

ability of a test to measure what it has been designed to measure

Back 44

validity

Front 45

refers to a test's having an adequate sample of questions measuring the skills or knowledge it is supposed to measure

Back 45

content validity

Front 46

validity of a test as measured by a comparison of the test score and independent measures of what the test is designed to measure

Back 46

criterion-related validity

Front 47

condition of sigificantly subaverage intelligence combined with deficiencies in adaptive behavior

Back 47

mental retardation

Front 48

refers to superior IQ combined with demonstrated or potential ability in such areas as academic aptitude, creativity, and leadership

Back 48

giftedness

Front 49

the ability to produce novel and socially valued ideas or objects

Back 49

creativity