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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Nature and Nurture Question? |
Asks how much nature (genetic factors) and how much nurture (environmental factors) contributes to a person's biological, emotional, cognitive, personal, and social development. |
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What is Prenatal Period? |
Extends from conception to birth and lasts about 266 days (around nine months). It consists of three successive phases: the germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages. During the prenatal period, a single cell will divide and grow to form 200 billion cells. |
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What are the 3 stages of The Prenatal Period? |
1.) Germinal Stage 2.) Embryonic Stage 3.) Fetal Stage |
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What is the Germinal Stage? |
This is the first stage of parental development and refers to the two-week period following conception. Example: The germinal stage marks the beginning of our development into a human being. |
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What is Ovulation? |
This is the release of an ovum, or egg cell, from a women's ovaries. |
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What is Conception (Fertilization)? |
If one of the millions of sperm penetrates the ovum's outer membrane. After the ovum has been penetrated by a single sperm, its outer membrane changes and becomes impenetrable to the millions of remaining sperm. Example: This is basically an example of mating. When the sperm meets the egg they fall happily in love and no other sperm will catch the eggs attention. ( When the ovum has been fertilized it is then called a zygote.) |
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What is the Embryonic Stage? |
This is the second stage of the prenatal period and spans the 2-8 weeks that follow conception; during this stage, cells divide and begin to differentiate into bone, muscle, and body organs. Example: This is basically when the baby begins to form. At about 21 days after conception, the beginnings of the spinal cord and eyes appear; at about 24 days, cells differentiate to form what will become part of the heart; 28 days, tiny buds appear that will develop into arms and legs; 42 days, features of the face take shape. |
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What is the Fetal Stage? |
This is the third stage in prenatal development, begins two months after conception and lasts until birth. Example: 38-42 weeks after conception, birth occurs and the fetus becomes a new born. During this stage the fetus develops organs, and physical characteristics that are distinctively human. |
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What is Temperament? |
An individual's relatively stable and long-lasting pattern of mood and emotional behavior. The pattern emerges early in childhood because temperament is largely influenced by genetic factors. Example: Researchers interviewed mothers with 2-3 month-old infants and then observing these same infants repeatedly over the next seven years. They rated each infant on nine components of temperament, including activity level, attention span, fussiness, and mood. Based on the results they divided the infants into 4 categories. |
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What are the Four Stages of Temperament? What do each of the tell us about a child? |
1.) Easy babies, who made up 40% of the sample, were happy and cheerful, had regular sleeping and eating habits, and adapted quickly to new situations. 2.) Slow-to-warm-up babies, who made up 15% of the sample, were more withdrawn were moody, and tended to take longer to adapt to new situations. 3.) Difficult babies, who made up 10% of the sample, were fussy, fearful of new situations, and more intense in their reactions. During the course of the seven-year study, difficult babies develop more serious emotional problems than the east or slow-to-warm-up babies. 4.) No-single-category babies, who made up 35% of the sample, had a variety of traits and could not be classified into one of the other three categories. |
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What is Attachment? |
A close, fundamental emotional bond that develops between the infant and his or her parents or caregiver. |
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What is Separation Anxiety? |
An infant's distress as indicated by loud protests, crying, and agitation- whenever the infant's parents temporarily leave. |
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What is Secure Attachment? |
An emotional bond characteristic of infants who use their parent or caregiver as a safe home base from which they can wander off and explore their environments. Example: When infants are placed in an unfamiliar room containing many interesting toys, securely attached infants tend to explore freely as long as their parent looks on. If the parent leaves, most of the infants cry. When the parents return, securely attached infants happily greet the caregiver and are easily soothed. In contrast, some other infants may show insecure attachment. |
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What is Insecure Attachment? |
An emotional bond characteristic of infants who avoid or show ambivalence or resistance towards their parent or caregiver. Example: Insecurely attached infants may cling and want to be held one minute but squirm and push away the next minute, displaying a lack of trust in the parent or caregiver. Attachments formed in infancy may also affect one's later relationships as well as mental health. |
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Who is Jean Piaget and what did he do? |
Jean Piaget was the person who had the greatest impact on the study of cognitive development. He was both a biologist, and psychologist. He studied how children solved problems in their natural settings, such as cribs, sandboxes, and playgrounds. He believed that from early on, a child acts like a tiny scientists who is actively involved in making guesses or hypotheses about how the world works. For Example: When given blocks, 5 month-old Sam puts them into his mouth, while 2-year-old Same tries to stack them, and adolescents Sam laughs and plays a game of tossing blocks into a can. Piaget believed that children learn to understand things, such as what to do with blocks, through two active processes that he called assimilation and accommodation. |
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What is Cognitive Development? |
How a person perceives, thinks, and gains an understanding of his or her world through the interaction and influence of genetic and learned factors. Example: If you gave blocks to Sam, who is 5 months old, he would surely put one in his mouth. If you have the same blocks to Sam when he was 2 years old, he might stack them. If you gave the same set of blocks to Sam when he was an adolescent, he might play a game of throwing them into a can. What Sam does with blocks depends on his experience and level of cognitive development. |
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What are the Four Stages of Piaget's Cognitive Development? |
1.) Sensorimotor 2.) Preoperational 3.) Concrete 4.) Formal |
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What is the Sensorimotor Stage? |
The first of Piaget's cognitive stages. During this stage, infants interact with and learn about their environments by relating their sensory experiences (such as seeing and hearing) to their motor actions (mouthing and grasping) Example: Sam has one thinking problem at the beginning of the stage: remembering that hidden objects still exist. 5 month-old Sam is shown a toy dog. Sam immediately tries to grab it and put a part in his mouth. Sam believes that most objects are for mouthing. But when the object is hidden Sam will look way because at this point Sam behaves as if things that are out of sight are out of mind and simply no longer exist. Sam has not yet learned Object Permanence. |
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What is Object Permanence? |
The understanding that objects or events continue to exist even if they can no longer be heard, touched, or seen. Example: This develops slowly over a period of about 9 months. By the end of the sensorimotor stage (age 2), and infant will search long and hard for lost or disappeared objects. |
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What is Preoperational Stage? |
(2-7 years-old) this is the second stage of Piaget's cognitive stages. During this stage, children learn to use symbols, such as words or mental images, to solve simple problems and to think or talk about things that are not present. Example: At this stage, Sam is acquiring the cognitive ability to pretend things and to talk about or draw things that are not physically present. Although Sam is learning to use words and images in speech and play, his thinking has a number of interesting limitations that make it different from an adult's thinking. During the preoperational stage, two of his cognitive limitations involve problems with conservation and egocentrism. |
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What is Conversation? |
The fact that even though the shape of some object or substance is changed, the total amount remains the same. Example: It's like giving a kid a small glass of milk, but they cry because they want the bigger glass. By pouring the small glass of milk into the bigger glass giving you the same amount of milk, the child is satisfied because they think that the got more milk. In reality it's the same amount just in a different glass. |
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What is Egocentrism? |
Seeing and thinking of the world from only your own viewpoint and having difficulty appreciating someone else's viewpoint. Example: Preoperational children cannot see situations from another person's point of view. Such as a parent's point of view. When they don't get their way, children may get angry or pout because their view of the world is so self-centered. |
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What is the Concrete Operational Stage? |
(7-11) This is the third stage of Piaget's cognitive stages. During this stage, children can perform number of logical mental operations on concrete objects that are physically present. Example: When Sam was 4 he has not mastered the concept of the conservation. In the preoperational stage Sam thought a tall, thin glass held more milk than a short, wide glass. And if 4 year-old Sam watched as a ball of clay was flattened into a long, thin piece he would say the long piece was larger. But now Sam is 10 and he watched you flatten the ball of clay and he now says that the long, flattened piece contains the same amount of clay as the ball. Children gradually master the concept of conservation during the concrete operations stage, and they also get better at classification. |
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What is the Formal Operations Stage? |
(12- Adulthood) This is the fourth stage of Piaget's Cognitive stages. During this stage, adolescents and adults develop the ability to think about and solve abstract problems in a logical manner. Example: 17 year-old Sam can compare theories about why the dinosaurs died including being destroyed by a giant asteroid, radical temperature change, or some terrible virus. Adolescence also encounter new worlds of abstract ideas and hypothetical concepts. |
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What are Imaginary Audiences? |
The belief adolescents have that everyone is watching all of their actions. |
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What is a Personal Fable? |
An adolescent's belief that he or she is invulnerable, unique, and special. |
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Who is Sigmund Freud and what are his Psychosexual Stages? |
He said that each of us go through five successive psychosexual stages. In his theory there is often conflict between the child and parent. The conflict arises because the child wants immediate satisfaction or gratification of his or her own needs, while the parents often place restrictions on when, where, and how the child's needs should be satisfied. 1.) Oral Stage Period 2.) Anal Stage Period 3.) Phallic Stage Period 4.) Latency Stage Period 5.) Genital Stage Period Example: A child may wish to be fed immediately, while the parent may want to delay the feeding to a more convenient time. Freud believed that interactions between parent and child in satisfying these psychosexual needs. During breast feeding or toilet training greatly influence the child's social development and future social interactions |
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What is the Oral Stage? |
This lasts for the first 18 months of life and is a time when the infant's pleasure is seeking is centered on the mouth. Example: Pleasure seeking activities include sucking, chewing, and biting. If Alex were locked into or fixated at this stage because his oral wishes were gratified too much or too little, he would continue to seek oral gratification as an adult. |
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What is the Anal Stage? |
This lasts from the age of about 1.5 to 3 years and is a time when the infant's pleasure seeking is centered on the anus and its functions of elimination. Example: If Alex were locked into or fixated at this stage, he would continue to engage in behavioral activities related to retention or elimination. Retention may take the form of being very neat, stingy, or behaviorally rigid. Elimination may take the form of being generous or messy. |
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What is the Phallic Stage? |
This lasts from about age 3-6 and is a time when the infant's pleasure seeking is centered on the genitals. Example: During this stage, Alex will compete with the parent of the same sex (his father) for the affections and pleasures of the parent of the opposite sex (his mother). Problems in resolving this competition may result in Alex going through life trying to prove his toughness. |
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What is the Latency Stage? |
This lasts about 6 to puberty, is a time when the child represses sexual thoughts an engages in nonsexual activities, such as developing social and intellectual skills.
Example: At puberty sexuality reappears and marks the beginning of a new stage. |
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What is the Genital Stage? |
This lasts from puberty through adulthood and is a time when the individual has renewed sexual desires that he or she seeks to fulfill through relationships with members of the opposite sex. Example: If Alex was successfully resolved conflicts in the first three stages, he will have the energy to develop loving relationships and a healthy and mature personality. |
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What is Adolescence? |
A developmental period, lasting from about ages 12-18, during which many biological, cognitive, social, and personality traits change from childlike to adultlike. |
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What are the 3 types of parenting? |
1.) Authoritarian Parents 2.) Authoritative Parents 3.) Permissive Parents |
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What are Authoritarian Parents? |
They attempt to shape, control, and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of their children in accordance with a set standard of conduct, usually an absolute standard that comes from religious or respected authorities. Example: "My parents won't listen to why I was late." |
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What are Authoritative Parents? |
They attempt to direct their children's activities in a rational and intelligent way. They are supportive, loving, and committed, encourage verbal give-and-take, and discuss their rules and policies with their children. Example: "I understand and respect my parents' rules. |
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What are Permissive Parents |
They are less controlling and behave with a nonpunishing and accepting attitude toward their children's impulse's, desires, and actions; they consult with their children about policy decisions, make few demands, and tend to use reason rather than direct power. Example: "My parents let me set my own rules" |
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Who is Erikson and what were hit 8 Psychosocial Stages? |
Erik Erikson was a well-known phycologist who said that "Alex" will encounter kinds of problems very difficult from the psychosexual ones proposed by Freud. Unlike Freud's emphasis on psychosexual issues. Erikson focused on psychosocial issues and said that each of us goes through eight psychosocial. Erikson hypothesized that from infancy through adulthood we proceed through these stages, each of which is related to a different problem that needs to be resolved. If we successfully deal with the potential problems of each psychosocial stage, we develop positive personality traits and are better able to solve the problem at the next stage. However, if we do not successfully handle the psychosocial problems, we may become anxious, worried, or troubled and develop social or personality problems. 1.) Trust v.s. Mistrust Period 2.) Autonomy v.s. Shame and Doubt Period 3.) Initiative v.s. Guilt Period 4.) Industry v.s. Inferiority Period 5.) Identity v.s. Role Confusion Period 6.) Intimacy v.s. Isolation Period 7.) Generativity v.s Stagnation Period 8.) Integrity v.s. Despair Period |
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What is the Trust v.s. Mistrust Period? |
This is birth through the first year. Alex comes into the world as a helpless infant who needs much care and attention. If his parents are responsive and sensitive to his needs, Alex will develop what Erikson calls basic trust, which makes it easier for him to trust people later in life. If Alex's parents neglect his needs, he may view his world as uncaring, learn to become mistrustful, and have difficulty dealing with the second stage. It appears that Alex did not receive the care and attention he needed during his first year of life. |
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What is the Autonomy v.s. Shame and Doubt Period? |
1-3 years of age. As Alex begins walking, talking, and exploring, he is bound to get into conflict with the wishes of his parents. Thus, this second stage is a battle of wills between his parental wishes and Alex's desires to do as he pleases. If his parents encourage Alex to explore, he will develop a sense of independence, or autonomy if his parents disapprove of or punish Alex's explorations, he may develop a feeling that independence is bad and feel shame and doubt. |
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What is the Initiative v.s. Guilt Period? |
3-5 years old. As a preschooler, Alex has developed a number of cognitive and social skills that he is expected to use to meet the challenges in his small world. Some of these challenges involve assuming responsibility and making plans. If his parents encourage initiative, Alex will develop the ability to plan and initiate new things. However, if they discourage initiative, he may feel uncomfortable or guilty and may develop feeling of being unable to plan his future. |
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What is the Industry v.s Inferiority Period? |
5-12 years old. Alex's grade school years are an exciting time, filled with participating in school, playing games with other children, and working to complete project. If Alex can direct his energy into working at and completing tasks, he will develop a feeling of industry. If he has difficulty applying himself and completing homework, he may develop a feeling of inferiority and incompetence. |
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What is the Identity v.s. Role Confusion? |
Years of Adolescents. This is the need to leave behind carefree, irresponsible, and impulsive behaviors of childhood and develop the more purposeful, responsible, plan behavior in adults. If Alex is successful in making this change, he will develop a sense of confidence and a positive identity. If he is unsuccessful, he will experience role confusion, which will result in having low self-esteem and becoming socially withdrawn. |
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What is the Intimacy v.s. Isolation Period? |
This is young adulthood 20-40. Young adulthood is a time for finding intimacy by developing loving and meaningful relationships. On the positive side, we can find intimacy in caring relationships. On the negative side, without intimacy we will have a painful feeling of isolation and our relationships will be impersonal. |
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What is the Generativity v.s. Stagnation Period? |
Middle Adulthood 40-65. Middle adulthood is a time for helping the younger generation develop worthwhile lives. On the positive side, we can achieve generatively through raising our own children. If we do not have children of our own, we can achieve generativity through close relationships with children of friends or relatives. Generativity can also be achieved through mentoring at work and helping others. On the negative side, a lack of involvement leads to a feeling of stagnation, of having done nothing for the younger generation. |
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What was the Integrity v.s. Despair Period? |
Late adulthood 65-older. This is a time for reflecting on and reviewing how we met previous challenges and lived our lives. On the positive side, if we can look back and feel content about how we lived and what we accomplished, we will have a feeling of satisfaction or integrity. On the negative side, if we reflect and see a series of crises, problems, and bad experiences, we will have a feeling of regret and despair.1 |
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Who is Kohlberg and what are his 3 levels of moral reasoning? |
1.) Self-Interest- The preconventional level, which represents Kohlberg's lowest level of moral reasoning, has two stages. At stage 1, moral decisions are based primarily on fear of punishment or the need to be obedient; at stage 2, moral reasoning is guided most by satisfying one's self-interest, which may involve making bargains. 2.) Social Approval- The conversational level, which represents an intermediate level of moral reasoning, also has two stages. At stage 3, moral decisions are guided most by conforming to the standards of others we value; at stage 4, moral reasoning is determined most by conforming to the laws of society. 3.) Abstract Ideas- The post conventional level, which represents the highest level of moral reasoning, has one stage. At stage 5 moral decisions are made after carefully thinking about all the alternatives and striking a balance between human rights and the laws of society. |
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What are some examples of Kohlberg's 3 levels of moral reasoning? |
1.) Self-Intrest- Example: individuals at stage 1 might say that you should not steal the drug because you'll be caught and go to jail. Individuals at stage 2 might say that you cans real the drug and save your best friend, but in return you 'll have to give up some freedom by going to jail. Most children are at the pre conventional level. 2.) Social Approval- Example: Individuals at stage 3 might say that you should steal the drug since that is what your family would expect you to do. Individuals at stage 4 might say that you should not steal the drug because of what would happen to society it everybody took what they needed. Many adolescents and adults are at this level. 3.) Abstract Ideas- Example: Individuals at stage 5 might say that one should steal the drug because life is more important than money. (stage 6) which appeared in earlier versions of Kohlberg's theory, has been omitted in later versions because too few people had reached it.) Some, but not all, adults reach the post conversational level. |
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What is Sternberg's Theory of Love? |
Sternberg's triangular theory of love has three components: passion, intimacy, and commitment. Passion is feeling physically aroused and attracted to someone. Intimacy is feeling close and connected to someone; it develops through, sharing and communicating. Commitment is making a pledge to nourish the feelings of love and to actively maintain the relationship. |
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What is a Stereotype? |
Widely held beliefs that people have certain traits because they belong to a particular group. Stereotypes are often inaccurate and frequently portray the members of less powerful, less controlling groups more negatively than members of more powerful or more controlling groups. |
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What is prejudice? |
an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude toward another group of people. |
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What is Discrimination? |
specific unfair behaviors exhibited towards members of a group. |
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What is the actor-observer factor? |
the tendency, when you are behaving (or acting), to attribute your one behavior to situational factors. However, when you are observing others, you attribute another's behavior to his or her personality traits or disposition. |
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What is Altruism? |
helping or doing something often at a cost or risk, for reasons other then the expectation of a material or social reward. |
