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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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who looked into the classical conditioning part of the learning theory and what is it?
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By Pavlov
learning through association the unconditioned stimulus (food) produces and unconditioned response (pleasure) then during conditioning the feeder becomes associated with the food to produce the conditioned stimulus being the mother and the conditioned response being pleasure - this association produces an attachment |
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who looked into operant conditioning and what is it?
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dollard and miller
learning through reward if you do something that produces a pleasant consequence, the behaviour is stamped in/reinforced. Baby feels uncomfortable causing a drive mental state to reduce discomfort - infant fed, drive reduced and pleasure produced - food is the primary reinforcer and the person who supplies food is secondary reinforcer - child seeks person who supplies reward = attachment |
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who conducted the monkey study, does it support the learning theory?
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Harlow and Harlow
No because they found that the monkey spent more time on the contact comfort rather than the feeding cylinder. It spent more time with the cloth cover and would cling to it when frightened, and use it as a basis to explore - means food is not the sole basis of attachment |
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What did Schaffer and Emerson find out?
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they observed 60 babies from working class homes and found that infant were not most attached to the person who fed them. They were most attached to the person who was most responsive and who interacted with them the most - doesn't support learning theory as expresses food is not the sole basis of attachment
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Name the different components to Bowlby's theory of attachment
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- innate programming
- critical period - continuity hypothesis (internal working model) -social releasers - monotropy |
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Explain how Lorenz's geese study supports Bowlby's theory
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supports the idea of imprinting as the geese imprinted on the first moving object they saw
He placed the geese together and they still separated to follow Lorenz, shows that we are innately programmed to attach as a process of natural selection, as attaching will increase our chances of survival |
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Explain the continuity hypothesis
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view that there is a link between an early attachment relationship and later emotional behaviour including relationships.
Secure children develop a positive working model which will lead to better peer relations and other relationships |
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Discuss what Rutter et al found that led to a modification of the critical period
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study where european orphans were adopted by british families at different ages. When one years old they were able to make notable attachment relationships but the later they were adopted, the slower their progress. They were still able to make attachments after the so called critical period leading to the notion of a sensitive period up to about 5 years old for the development of an attachment.
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what does the temperament hypothesis mean regarding Bowlby's theory
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that some children are just naturally better at forming friendships and socially interacting than others making issues with research into the continuity hypothesis.
also that some infants may have more social releasers that make the mother more responsive |
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what was the study that followed infants to adolescense and finding that securely attached children had better peer relations and were more popular?
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Minnesota longitudinal study
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What did Hazen and Shaven find out?
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They conducted a love quiz and found that individuals who were securely attached tended to have happy and long lasting relationships
supports bowlby's continuity hypothesis |
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What were the key stages of the strange situation
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1) parents and infant play
2) parent sits while infant plays 3) stranger enters and talks to parent 4) parent leaves, infant plays, stranger still there 5) parent returns, stranger leaves 6) parent leaves, infant alone 7) stranger enters and offers comfort 8) parent returns and greets infant |
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Give some of the details of the strange situation
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conducted by mary ainsworth
100 middle class american infants and mothers marked into 16 squares different stage after every 3 minutes experiment stops if child distressed |
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Definition of secure attachment
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strong contented attachment, develops as a result of sensitive responding by caregiver to infants needs. Comfortable with social interaction and results in healthy subsequent cognitive and emotional development
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Definition of insecure avoidant
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insensitive caregiver, child tend to avoid social interaction or intimacy with others, results in poor subsequent cognitive and emotional development
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definition of insecure resistant
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insensitive caregiver, infant seeks and rejects intimacy and social interaction, results in poor subsequent cognitive and emotional development
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What behaviour was displayed in the strange situation by the securely attached
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high willingness to explore
high stranger anxiety some separation anxiety enthusiastic at reunion with caregiver |
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what are the percentages of the different attachments
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secure - 66%
insecure avoidant - 22% insecure resistant - 12% |
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Who conducted the meta - analysis study on cultural variation in attachment
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Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
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What was different about West Germans in the strange situations
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highest avoidant rates - probably due to independent culture as they were indifferent if mother wasn't there
shows it is different depending on cultures - not as reliable. notice west germany before the union of germany may be different in more modern times not 1988 |
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What was different about Isreal in the strange situation
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higher resistant rates - probably because many Kabutz in Israel where they are not used to strangers so would have high stranger anxiety, everyone very collective.
Shows differences in attachment globally |
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Name a limitation of the the cross cultural attachment study
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only conducted 1 study in China and so not generalised to there compared with America who had 18 studies and make up the overall averages making it biased
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Explain the Genie case study and what is shows about privation
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Genie was extremely isolated until 13 and a half
she never recovered could never even talk properly privation has extreme effects in later cognitive and social development. |
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Explain what the EPPE study found about day care and aggression
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found a link between time spent in day care and aggressiveness but if day care of high quality then impact of duration was reduced
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Name factors that affect the impact of day care
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quality of care
lack of commitment from day care staff time spent in day care staff turnover equipment training of staff |
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Discuss the effects of day care on peer relations
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day care provides social opportunities
Rovine and Belsky found it may lead to insecure attachment Field found that time spent in day care positively correlated with number of friends |
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how has research into daycare affected the real world
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- parents now allowed to stay with their children at the hospitals
-adoption now takes place within a week so the attachment can be formed with the adopted parent - staff to child ratio has been reduced in day care institutions |
