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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is the learning theory of attachment? |
Formed through interaction with caregivers who provide food, warmth and comfort |
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General process of classical conditioning |
1. Unconditioned stimulus -> unconditioned response 2. Neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus -> unconditioned response 3. Conditioned stimulus -> conditioned response |
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General process of operant conditioning in learning theory |
Satisfaction (food) = drive reduction Reward (food) = primary reinforcer Mother = secondary reinforcer -> attachment |
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What are 3 weaknesses of the learning theory for attachment? |
1. Simplifies complex relationship and doesn't explain bond persistence 2. Harlow found monkey preffered comfort over food 3. Schaffer and Emerson found 39% infants were attached to who usually fed them (not primary reinforcer) |
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What is a strength of the learning theory for attachment? |
Attachment not immediate and develops in first few months. Shows maybe nurture and nature |
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5 key features of Bowlby's Monotropic theory of attachment |
Adaptive, social releases, critical period, Monotropy, internal working model |
A Snap Chat Makes Images |
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Bowlby's theory - Adaptive meaning |
Humans are biologically and innately programmed to become attached as increases chance of survival |
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Bowlby's theory - social releases meaning |
Adults are innately programmed to respond to behaviours such as crying and grasping (maternal Instincts) - increases survival chance by protection |
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Bowlby's theory - critical period meaning |
0 - 2.5 years. Less likely to form attachment after this which can lead to problems |
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Monotropy |
One attachment more important than rest, usually mother. Likely to be serious consequences if disrupted |
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Internal working model + 3 features of secure |
Early attachments influence adult relationships 1. Believes others are trustworthy 2. Views self as valuable 3. Effective when interacting |
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Practical applications of Bowlby's theory |
Shows importance of early attachments for healthy development - adopt kids asap to increase secure attachment chance |
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What are 3 behaviours that show a baby has developed an attachment? |
1. Separation distress 2. Proximity seeking 3. Stranger anxiety |
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Reciprocity |
Babies and carers mutually respond to others behaviour - responsive and sensitive to each other |
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Interactional synchrony |
Detailed mirroring between carer and baby in movement or sound |
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Meltzoff and Moore study on interactional synchrony |
- Adult displayed 1 of 3 facial expressions - Babies as young as 3 days old faces videod - Baby expression coded by independent observer who didn't know adult expression |
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Longitudinal study by Isabella 1989 on interactional synchrony importance |
- Observed 30 mothers with children and observed IS - 10 secure, 10 IA, 9 IS - Those more responsive to one another at 1 month more likely to be securely attached at 9 months |
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Schaffer and Emerson longitudinal study 1964 Findings |
- Observed 60 children every 4 weeks until 1y and 18 months - Assessed attachment to how many adults by separation and stranger anxiety in natural surroundings - data by direct observation and records kept by mother F. As attachment increased so did stranger anxiety |
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3 stages of develop of attachments - Schaffer and Emerson |
(0. Pre-attachment) - little difference between humans and objects 1. Indiscriminate - 2-7 months - little difference in response to stranger and carer 2. Discriminate - 7-9 months - clear attachment to primary attachment figures - separation anxiety and stranger awareness 3. Multiple - 9+ - majority attached to more than one at 18 months |
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How does Schaffer and Emerson's study support Bowlby's Monotropic element? (give %) |
65% 1st main attachment with mother. 30% joint attachment with mother and another = 95% key early attachment figure |
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How does Schaffer and Emerson's study discredit learning theory? |
39% of person who fed, bathed and changed baby was not primary caregiver |
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What are 3 strengths of Schaffer and Emerson's study? |
1. Important evidence for Bowlby's 2. Longitudinal - high internal validity 3. High ecological validity |
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What are 2 weaknesses of Schaffer and Emerson's study |
1. Another found distress at 2 weeks if saw mother with another voice - Attachment developed earlier 2. Family structure has changed, limited temporal validity |
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What percentage did Schaffer and Emerson find babies attached to father at 18 months |
75% |
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Geiger 1996 - role of father |
Dad's do more exciting and physical games - less able to detect infant distress - biological differences or less time spent with kids |
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Field 1978 study on role of the Father |
Filmed 4 month olds interacting with mums and dads. Dad smiled, imitated and help baby more if primary caregiver - Shows gender may not matter |
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Belsky 2009 study findings on role of the Father |
Relationship with children more secure if relationship with mother secure |
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Weaknesses of studies on the role of the Father (2) |
1. Role of father changed massively with increasing divorces and single parents - Lack temporal validity 2. Sensitive area - careful on generalisations |
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Lorenz 1935 Goslings study method and findings |
- Eggs layed at same time - 1/2 gosling eggs hatched with mother and 1/2 hatched with him being first moving thing - Found Goslings followed him if he was 1st moving thing they saw. Other followed mother - Imprinting - 4-25 hours after hatching Supports critical period, innate and affect adult behavior |
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Harlow and Zimmerman 1959 Rhesus monkeys study method and findings |
- 16 newborns separated from mother and grown in isolation - wire mother with food or cloth mother - Spent more time with cloth mother and if scared. Would stay on own if only wire mother |
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Harlow 1965 2nd and 3rd study |
2nd. Grew newborns in isolation. -> v.disturbed as adults. Self harm, fearful, aggressive, sexually abnormal and abusive 3rd. Monkeys raised for 6 months with no mither but gradual contact with other infants became normal by 3 years - importance of siblings |
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3 critisms of Harlow's studies |
1. Soft mother had more monkey face 2. Can't generalise to humans 3. Very unethical - severe long term consequences and distress |
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General process of Ainsworth's Strange Situation 1970 |
1. Stranger sits quietly on char 2. Talks with mother and starts to play with child 3. Mother leaves room 4. Stranger stays and tries to play with child 5. Mother enters and stranger leaves 6. Mother leaves and child is alone 7. Stranger enters, offers comfort and tries to play with child 8. Mother returns, stranger leaves and they stay for a few more min |
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What are 4 behaviours of secure attachment in Ainsworth's Strange Situation when 1. Alone with carer 2. Carer leaves room 3. With stranger 4. Reunion with carer |
1. Explores and plays with carer 2. Moderate distress when carer leaves 3. Moderate stranger anxiety 4. Easily comforted on reunion |
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What are 4 behaviours of insecure - avoidant attachment in Ainsworth's Strange Situation when 1. Alone with carer 2. Carer leaves room 3. With stranger 4. Reunion with carer |
1. Doesn't attempt to interact with carer 2. Little distress when carer leaves 3. Low stranger anxiety 4. Doesn't notice carer on reunion |
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What are 4 behaviours of insecure-resistant attachment in Ainsworth's Strange Situation when 1. Alone with carer 2. Carer leaves room 3. With stranger 4. Reunion with carer |
1. Clingy and doesn't explore 2. Severe distress when carer leaves 3. High stranger anxiety 4. Not easily comforted on reunion |
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Findings from Ainsworth's Strange Situation |
66% secure 22% avoidant 12% resistant |
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2 strengths of Ainsworth's Strange Situation |
1. High replicablity 2. High control |
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4 weaknesses of Ainsworth's Strange Situation |
1. Demand characteristics - social desirability bias 2. Low generalisability - ethnocentric, middle class white Americans 3. Gender bias 4. Ethics - justified distress |
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Vanijzendoorn and Kroonenberg meta analysis (1988) |
- Data 32 studies from 8 countries ~2000 children - China, Sweden, Japan, Israel, UK, Germany, Netherlands, USA - Secure attachment highest in all - insecure avoidant highest in Germany |
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2 strengths of Vanijzendoorn and Kroonenbergs study |
1. Large sample size 2. Controlled and replicable |
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5 weaknesses of Vanijzendoorn and Kroonenbergs study |
1. Sample size different between cultures eg China only 25 kids 2. Only quantitative data 3. Ethnocentric - western ideals to evaluate others - socially sensitive 4. More variation within cultures 5. Gender bias |
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Rothbaum study on cultural relativism (2000) |
- Interviewed 15 mothers for US and Tokyo on views on attachment - Both believed secure is best - Japanese saw crying as good and exploration undesirable. USA opposite - Shows attachment behaviours ate different in diff cultures |
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What are 5 negative consequences of maternal deprivation |
1. Emotional eg depression 2. Lack guilt - affectionless psychopaths 3. Intellectual - Low IQ 4. Relationship problems 5. Physical - stunted growth |
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Robertson and Robertson study on maternal deprivation (1971) - John |
- Filmed 5 children needing care while mother in hospital - Looked after 4 in home - familiar, allowed toys, visited by dad and see mum - 5th, John at 1 1/2 years - residential nursery for 9 days. Unfamiliar environment - Children in house showed distress but generally functioned well - Shows negative effects can be minimised by good quality care |
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What are 3 reactions to maternal separation? Link to John |
- Protest - cry, scream, struggle and cry - John cried a lot, refused food and stopped playing - Despair - stop struggling, doesn't engage with others, comforts self - sought comfort in oversized teddy - Detachment - may not respond or reject carer when they return - screamed, struggled, anger outbursts for months after |
P.D.D |
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Bowlby's 44 thieves (1944) |
- Compared 44 'affectionless psychopaths' with crimes compared to 44 in juvenile delinquent clinic but no crimes. 5-16 years - Interviewed parents and children, IQ test and interviewed child attitudes towards test - More than 1/2 separates from mother for 6+ months in first 5 years |
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Rutter Romanian Orphans (2007) longitudinal study |
-165 Romanians in institution, poor care from staff shortage and economics, all adopted before 3 1/2 years - Compared to 52 UK children adopted before 6 months - Assessed at 4, 6 + 11 years on social, emotional, cognitive and physical functioning + interviews with teachers and adopted parents |
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What were the findings of Rutter's Romanian Orphans study (2007) (5) |
- Physical - stunted growth, under weight - Poorer IQ - 26% of adopted after 6 months showed disinhibited attachment - Adopted before 6 months, caught up well by 4 years and similar to control - no evidence in behavioural or social problems - Challenged fixed critic period > sensitive period |
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Hazan and Shaver love quiz (1987) |
- Bowlby's internal working model with love quiz published in newspaper - 620 replies in USA - 56% secure, 25% avoidant, 19% resistant |
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4 weaknesses of Hazan and Shavers Love quiz study |
- Self report - demand characteristics - Volunteer sampling - biased - Overly deterministic - More women |
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