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277 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mnemonic Devices
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Learning technique that aids with learning
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Jane Elliot
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Blue eyed brown eyed study and showed how easily kids will take advantage over others
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Person perception
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How we form judgements of people based on their characteristics and motives
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Attribution Theory
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Explains behaviors personalities based only on external objects and personalities
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Just World Bias
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Believing that the world is completely fair and it's the persons fault in any situation
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Self serving bias
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Attributing failure to situational factors
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Episodic Memory
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Specific experience
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Generic memory
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General knowledge and information
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Procedural Memory
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Skills and how to do things
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Sensory Memory
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Initial memory and you must pay attention to get information into this section of memory
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Hypotheses applications
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A prediction so there can be tests
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Memory is reconstructive
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Pieces memory back part by part
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Darley and Latane
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Bystander experiments and upped smoke into rooms to show that the individual would respond to it every time but in a group they wouldn't always do it because the others weren't noticing it, or so they thought
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Interference
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New information replaces information in your short term memory
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Polarization
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Strengthening a groups attitude by sharing
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Self fulfilling prophecy
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A prediction that becomes good
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Short-term memory
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Holds brief memories
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Foot in the door
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If you agree to a small thing you will be more likely to agree to a larger thing
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Groupthink
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Not speaking up because you don't want to upset others
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Matching hypothesis
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Finding partners that are similar to us
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Baby face bias
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People with big heads, round eyes, and small jawbones are perceived as helpless and honest
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Attractiveness bias
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People who are cute are thought to be smarter, more competent, and have better morals
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Body shape preferences
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In America we want to be thin but it varies greatly from country to country
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Universal of beauty
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Smiling people, big eyes, high cheekbones, are looked at more and even infants stare at them more
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Roleplaying
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People will become their role either becoming more passive or more aggressive
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Sociocultural view of aggression
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Some cultures encourage independence and this fosters aggresion
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Learning view of aggression
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Aggression is reinforced when a person who uses aggression to get what they want
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Cognitive view of aggression
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Aggression is a choice made by each person
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Psychoanalytical view of aggression
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Agression comes from repressed childhood feelings and is meant to harm people who don't meet our demands
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Spciobilological view of aggression
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Animals use aggression to reproduce
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Need for acceptance
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Eason for conformity, those who stand out are punished
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Buffers
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More likely to follow orders if you can't see consequences for your actions
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Socialization
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People have been taught to obey authority since birth
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Explicit norms
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Written rules
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Implicit norms
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Inspoken rules
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Social norms
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Guidelines for what people should and shouldn't do do in a situation
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Universal ethics
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Morality of an individual conscience
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Law and order
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Decisions based on keeping social order and high regard to authority
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Postconventional reasoning
Step #3 |
Based on your morals
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Social order
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Obedience to accepted laws
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Winning approval
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Want to maintain approval from others, conventional standards of right and wrong
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Conventional reasoning
Step #2 |
Concern is to fit in and play the role of a good citizen
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Satisfying needs
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Doing what's necissary to satisfy ones needs
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Avoid punishment
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Doing everything to avoid punishment
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Moral dilemma
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A scenario that tests your answer and your explanation
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Preconventional reasoning
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Behavior based on avoiding punishment and gaining a reward
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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Moral reasoning develops through age
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Altruism
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Going out of your way to help another person
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Prosocial behavior
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Any behavior that helps another person
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Deindividualization
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Loss of self awareness and restraint
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Evaluating apprehension
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Concern for how others view you
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Devine's automaticity theory
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We all hold prejudices toasted Africans because they are so prevalent
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Robbers cave
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Prejudices are overcome when the groups work together to accomplish a significant task
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Scapegoat theory
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Blame a complex problem on an undeserving group
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Social learning
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Parents reinforce the things that children have learned by imitating their parents
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Out group homogenecity effect
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He people in our group are varied where as the out people are very similar to us
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Justifying economic status
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People with money are hard workers and poor people are lazy
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Ingroup bias
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Favoring your group
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Stereotype
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Beleifs that aren't necessarily true about a group
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Prejudice
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Negative attitude toward a group
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Insufficent justification error
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Lie about an attitude to make up for cognitive dissonance
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Attitudes
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Negative or positive evaluation of a person, idea or object
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Physical contact
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Touching people creates more revenue
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Eye contact
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Conveys truthfulness, attention, and eagerness, can also show anger
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Self effacing bias
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We blame ourselves for a failure and blame the test for a good grade
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Self serving bias
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We give ourself credit for a good grade on a test but when we get a bad grade we get a bad grade we blame the test for being difficult
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Actor observer bias
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View of a person based on one time
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Attribution theory
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Explain our behaviors different from others
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Fundamental attribution error
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Weigh to heavily on situations rather than somebody behaviors
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Recency effect
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Recent interactions shape our views of people
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Primacy effect
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An experience that happened a while ago shaped your view of a person
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Soci categorization
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Making judgement by ignoring qualities and focusing on limited information
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Discrimination
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Distinguishing differences in stimuli
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Voluntary behaviors
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Behaviors that will be done without thoughts
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Operant conditioning
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Learning is strengthened by reinforcement
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Reflexive behaviors
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Automatic behaviors
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Classical conditioning
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Neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus multiple times until the subject responds to the neutral stimulus
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Shaping
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Reinforcing to reach a behavior
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Modeling
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Learning through observation
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Hippocampus and Clive wearing
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Hippocampus is the filter of the brain and Clive can't remember anything new for more than a few seconds
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Systematic desenzitation
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Slowly overcome your fear
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Flooding
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Throwing you into your phobia like dropping you in the ocean with a life jacket on to show you it isn't scary and you won't drown
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Counter conditioning
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Pairing your phobia with something that can't be feared
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Taste aversion
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Tastin something bad and avoiding it the rest of your life
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Spontaneous recovery
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Quickly picking up a previously extinct conditioned response
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Asch's line study
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A single person will most likely conform to a group to not stick out even when they know they will be wrong
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Maintenance rehearsal
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Repeating it over and over
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Sematic encoding
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Giving the first letter of a word meaning
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Acoustic encoding
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Saying a word aloud
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Cognitive dissonance
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Shift so your behaviors match your opinions
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Blame the victim
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The victim caused the problem like wearing smutty clothes caused the girl to get raped
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Brain reward
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Ventral striatum predicts reward when a pretty person looks you in the eye
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Reciprocity
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When a person likes us back
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Triangular live model
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Seven types of relationships characterizes by intimacy, commitment and passion
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Treatments of biological therapy
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Surgery of the brain, ECT, meds
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Cognitive therapy treatments
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Replace irrational thoughts with rational
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Humanistic treatment
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Don't give advice, but they make you feel like you can accomplish your goals
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Psychological treatment
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Dream analysis, free association, transference
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Behavioral treatment
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Counterconditioning, flooding, systematic desensivization
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Biological causes of personality disorders
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Heredity
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Psychological causes of personality disorders
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Problem developing the super ego, childhood experiences
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Biological causes for mood disorders
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Relatives, genetics, low levels of serotonin and noradrenaline
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Psychological causes for mood disorders
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Loss of a loves object, learned helplessness
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Bilogical causes for somatoform disorders
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Genetics
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Psychological causes for somatoform disorders
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Repressing for ideen urges, stress becomes a medical problem
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Bilogical causes for dissociative disorders
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Learn not to think about their urges
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Psychological causes for disscoicciative disorders
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Repress unacceptable urges
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Interaction causes for anxiety disorders
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Overactig to physical sensation
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Bilogical causes for anxiety disorders
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Heredity and genetics
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Psychological causes for anxiety disorders
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Forbidden child urgers, trauma, avoiding situations that can make them nervous
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Biological causes for schizophrenia
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Genetics, trauma near birth, born in the winter, and a viral illness
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Psycological causes for schizophrenia
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Overwhelming of the ego by Overwhelming urges from the id
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Symptoms of avoidant personality disorder
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Desire a relationship, fear of dissaproval, shy and withdrawn
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Symptoms of antisocial personality disorder
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Violate the rights of others, aggressive, difficulty to perfo everyday tasks
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Symptoms of schizoid personality disorder
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True loners, no emotional responsiveness, no tender feelings
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Symptoms of paranoid personality disorder
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Sispicous, isolated, not confused about reality, and argumentative
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Binge eating symptoms
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Eating excessively and not doing anything to lose the weight
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Symptoms of bulimia nervosa
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Eating a lot then pukeing or other ways to lose weight, they stay in normal weight ranges
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Annorexia nervosa Symptoms
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Starve themselves, trying to eat as little as possible
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Bipolar disorder symptoms
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Dramatic ups and downs and can't concentrate
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Symptoms of major depression
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Can't get out of bed, and persistent bad mood
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Depersonalizarion disorder symptoms
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Describe their feelings as I they were out of their bodies and previously experienced a stressful event
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Dissociative identity disorder symptoms
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Two or more personalities not aware of the other personalities and they take turns
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Symptoms of dissociative fugue
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Wake up and think thy Are a different person, possibly a different gender
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Dissociative amnesia symptoms
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Sudden loss of memory and the memory will suddenly recover
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Hypocondroasis symptoms
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Believe they have a major disease when they could just have a common cold
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Conversion disorder symptoms
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Loss of function in a large muscle like an arm
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PTSD symptoms
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Proy experiences a traumatic event like rape or war
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Symptoms of OCD
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Check and recheck other things
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General anxiety disorder symptoms
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Constant worry, severe headaches, lasts longer than 6 months
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Symptoms of panic disorders
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Dizziness, nausea, sweating, rapid heart bear and choking
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Symptoms of agoraphobia
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Scared of crowded places
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Symptoms of a phobia
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Cause to go at great lengths to avoid your fear
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Symptoms of disorganized schizophrenia
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Word salad and don't make sense when talking
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Symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia
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Holding uncomfortablempositions for a Lon period of time
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Paranoid schizophrenia symptoms
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Halucinations and distrusf
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Nature v. Nurture
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Nature argues that your genetics make you who you are and nurture is who raised you decides how you are going to be
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Somatic nervous system
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Voluntary muscles
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Automatic nervous systems
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Involuntary organs
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Parasympathetic nevous system
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Calms the body after emergencies
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Peripheral nervous system
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Everywhere but the brain and spinal cord
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Sympathetic nervous system
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Prepares the body for actions
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Drugs that mimic
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Fit in the axon terminals and cause more firing
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Drugs that block
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They block the axon terminal
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Drugs that block reuptake
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These drugs make neurotransmitters slow down during reuptake
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Diffusion of responisbility
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Thinking that somebody else will take Care of it
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Risky shift
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Being more wild in a group
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Social loafing
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Doing worse in a group because you think someone will take care of your work
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Social facilization
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Working harder so you don't disappoint the others in the group
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Tip of the tongue
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Thinking you know it but because of a retreival error we can think of it
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Decay
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Fading of memory
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Retreival error
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Not being able to find it j your memory because you filed it incorrectly
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Long term memory
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Holds the most thoughts and memories
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Kohlbergs moral reasoning
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Scenarios that examine the answer and the reasoning behind it
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Zimbardo prison study
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Roleplaying experiment where guards became more aggressive and the prisoners become more passive
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Milgrams obedience study
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People will keep going when they can place blame on a authority figure and if you gradually introduce greater punishment
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Replication
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To repeat
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Independent variable
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The thing the examiner can changen
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Dependent variable
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Direct result of the independent variable
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Informed consent
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Knowing what your getting into
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Confidentiality
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Your name won't be used unless you give them permission
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Placebo effect
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Taking a sugar pill thinking it's the drug and you get better
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Generalization
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Respond to similar stimuli
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Stratified sample
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Subgroups that can be compared to the general pop.
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Target poulation
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The entire group that's being studied
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Random sample
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Selected purely by chance
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Positives of observational learning
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Learn eating and speaking
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Negative of observational learning
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We copy what we see and that could be violent crimes
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Phrenology
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Study of bumps on the skull
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Overjustification
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An incentive to do something
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Methods of conquering phobias
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Flooding and systematic desentization
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Acquisition
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Initial learnig and makes it a conditioned stimulus when it was neutral
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Steps to a new behavior
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Pair a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus many times then take the unconditioned stimulus away
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Single blind study
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Volunteers don't know they are being treated
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Double blind study
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Researcher and the Patients don't know who is being treated
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Possitive correlation
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Both variable go up
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Negative correlation
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One hoes up which causes the other to go down
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E.C. Tolman
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Latent learning
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Erik Erikson
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Social relationships shape personalities. Stages where conflicts occur
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Localization
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Specific areas of th brain do specific things
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Alfere Adler
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Inferiority and superiority complex
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Karen Horney
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Importance of parent child relationships
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Fixated
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Unresolved conflicts from childhood come back with the symptoms that you should have experienced as a child
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Oedipus complex
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You wan to kill the same sex parent so you can have sex with your opposite sex parent
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Lateralization
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One half of the brain foes one thing and the other half does another
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Vesicles
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Small sac in the axon terminal
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Carl Jung
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Collective unconcious
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Interneuron
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Bypassed the brainto help reflexes when in danger ( touching a hot pan or stove)
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Preconcious mind
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Where he super ego is
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Confirmation bias
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Looking to the info that supports your hypothesis
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Researcher bias
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The researcher looks for the info that he wants
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Volunteer bias
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Volunteers skew the results
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Participant bias
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Answering the way you think you should
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Nocebo effect
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Thinking that you're not being treated when you are
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Behavioral
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Enviornment influences
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Bilogical
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Body influences
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Cognitive
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Thoughts influence
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Humanistic
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Personal experience influence
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Id
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The carefree section and forces basic desires
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Libido
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Passes off DNA and fights off anything that harms this
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Unconcious mind
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Where the Id is
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Concious mind
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Where the ego is
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Confounding variable
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Can't be controlled but still influences
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Variable interval ratio
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Varied times between reinforcements
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Fixed interval ratio
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Fixed times between reinforcements
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Fixed ratio
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Reinforcements given after a given amount of correct answers
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Variable ratio
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Reinforcemnt is given after a varied amount if correct answers
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Dsm-IV
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Gives no causes only symptoms and treatment to psych. disorders
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Super ego
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The perfectionist in you and gives you your morals
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Ego
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The ref between the ID and superego and wants instant gratification
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Repression
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Putting thoughts away
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Regression
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Goin to a more child like state
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Rationalization
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Excuses
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Projection
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Putting your faults onto others so you don't get looked at for having those faults
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Reaction formation
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Replacing something with its opposite
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Denial
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Disbeleif
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Sublimination
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Chanelling anger into sports or unacceptable thoughts into productive ones
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Oral
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First year of life and put things into your mouth
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Undoing
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Trying to correct an action by doing good to something completely unrelated
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Corpus collasum
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Connects the two halves of the brain
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Split brain
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Corpus is cut and tougher life
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Plasticity
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When a part of the brain takes over for another
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Endocrine system
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Slow, uses blood, changes are long lasting
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Folded cortex
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To fit in the skull
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Central nervous system
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Spinal cord and brain
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Synaptic transmission
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Neurotansmitters go from one axon to another
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Parietal lobe
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Sensations , flight, fight, food, fornication
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Temporal lobe
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Hearing
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Criticisms of Freud
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Not enough data on anyone besides rich white men and can't be tested
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Contributions of Freud
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Unconcious mind
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Trait
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Aspect of a personality
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Genital
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Puberty
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Phallic
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3 years old and discover sexual differences between genders and they begin to mimic their same sex parents
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Latency
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Stop being aggresive about 5-6 years old
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Anal
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1.5 - 2.5 and can't control all bodily functions and take pleasure in their bowl movements
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Conditioned response
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Responding to an object that once had no meaning
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Conditioned stimulus
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Learning that one object is associated with another
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Association areas
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Unmapped areas of the brain that make us smarter that animals
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Pet scan
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Shows function by radiation
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Ct scan
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Shows structure and like a slice load of bread
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EEG
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Measures brain waves and shows function/ activity of the brain
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MRI
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Magnets and shows structure
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Reflex and how it works
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Sensory-> Interneuron -> motor neuron
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Occipital lobe
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Vision
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Frontal lobe
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Judgement and filter
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Hypothalmus
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Pleasure center
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Extinction
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Dissapearance of a conditioned response
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Flashbulb memory
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Similar to photographic and it's a clear image
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Primacy effect
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Remembering he things that you first learn
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Recency effect
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Remembering the last things you learned
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Chunking
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Organizing into meaningful subjects
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Eye witness testimony
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Not reliable because people don't remember clearly in a stresfull situation
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Control group
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Not gettin treatment
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Epeeimental group
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People being tested
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Cross section
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Different age groups are studied at the same time
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B.F. Skinner
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Reinforcement and rats
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Albert bandura
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Observational learning in kids
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Ivan Pavlov
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Dogs and classical conditioning
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John watson
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Classical conditioning
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Negative punishment
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Taking someone you want
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Negative reinforcement
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Taking something you don't want
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Positive punishment
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Adding something you don't want like chores
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Positive reinforcement
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Getting something for being good
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Uncoditioned response
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Reflex
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Unconditioned stimulus
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Espousing without being taught
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Longitudinal study
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Studying a single group over a long period of time
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Survey
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Cheap way of gettin data but people do lie
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Case study
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Rare situations that can't be repeated but we learn a lot from them
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Reinforcement schedules
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How often reinforcements occur
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Latent learning
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Learning that is hidden until needed
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Context depending
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Easier to retrieve when it's in the context of when its encoded
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Amnesia
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Loss of memory
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Encodig
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Translating so the info can be remembered
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Storage
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Where information is filed
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Retreival
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Recalling info
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Barnum effect
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You think this only alloys to you but it could apply to anybody
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Synapse
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Area between axon terminals
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